Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay My aim for this essay is to analyse and compare different versions of the Batman film. Ive decided to compare the 1966 Batman to the 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight, which was released in 2008. I wish to look at how these films have been made, how Batmans reputation has changed over the years and how they compare to the original comic books. Batman made his first appearance in Detective Comics in 1939; he was the caped crusader who went against the criminals of the underworld who killed his parents. In the early comics, the drawings showed a grim tone and nourish use of bold blocks of black ink (Sabin, 1996, p.61). However, later on the comics were progressively lightened in order to draw a younger relationship; a trend which culminated in the 1960s where the comics became camp comedies to reflect the amazingly successful television series (Sabin, 1996, pp. 61-62). Wikipedia (2008) Man Who Laughs [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manwholaughs.jpg (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) BD Comics (1999) Batman- No Mans Land [Online] Available at: http://bdcomics.bdgamers.net/2007/06/13/batman-no-mans-land/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) The 1966 Batman was a film adaptation of the 60s TV series; it had budget of $1,377,800. In the film, there are no shots of skyscrapers or any buildings that resemble the scenery in the comic books. The costumes in this film are basic; the villains are all dressed in suits and Batman and Robins costumes look cheaply made, compared to the most recent film; this shows the difference in budget. The make-up is very basic; the Joker has a ghostly white face and red drawn on smile; no prosthetics are used on him. The Penguin has a prosthetic nose to make it freakishly long and pointy, however the rest of the characters have normal day to day make-up on. The fight scenes in the film are unrealistic, fake punches are thrown between characters, with words such as URKK and OUCH entering the shot is big letters: The TV show was definitely dopey, comedy and slapstick substituting for anything remotely violent or suspenseful. It even offered the surreal bonk/zap title cards to amplify the fun. (Gibron, 2008) This makes the fighting look comical and amusing. However it does match the comic book style of fighting and was what was acceptable to be shown in the film and TV series at the time. Still from TV 1960s series Batman (1966) Batman Generation : Batman 1960s TV Series [Online] Available at: http://movie-collections-on-dvd.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 10th November 2010) The sidekick Robin appears in this film. I think his presence makes Batman look less macho, it implies that he needs back up, this may have been the reason he wasnt written into the series of films that followed decades later. In comparison to films today; it is very naive, in one scene a very toy looking shark is used as a prop and in the Bat cave every machine or piece of equipment is labelled. Heath, R (2008) The Dark Knight 2010 [Online] Available at: http://www.ferdyonfilms.com/?m=200807 (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Clara, H (2010) Entertainment [Online] Available at: http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/entertainment/lewis-wilson-michael-keaton-and-val-kilmer-batman (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) In 1989 Batman was released, it was the first of a series of feature films starring Batman which were produced by the Warner Bros; it had a budget of $35,000,000. This film strayed away from the 1966 camp version, Beyond Hollywood emphasises this point by saying: Before 1989, unless you were an avid comic book reader, you probably viewed Batman as a clownish superhero, trading punches and quips with bad guys with his youthful assistant Robin faithfully at his side. He was campy, a bit dull, and never dangerous. That is, until the summer of 1989, when Tim Burton arrived to changed all that. (Beyond Hollywood, 2004) Gotham City is dark and gothic looking; the buildings are dingy and old. The shapes of the buildings resemble the comic book images; they dont look like any usual American city. Lots of smoke is used in the setting, it reminds me of backdrops in a theatre production. The joker also matches very well with the comic book illustrations; the make-up cleverly allows the actor to have a fixed smile. He puts on a show and prides himself on being theatrical, using joke shop type gags, i.e. a flower that squirts poisonous gas and a buzzer which he attaches to his hand to electrocute his victim. The music, which is often played as a backing to the joker, is almost the same as you might hear in the circus, everything about it is comical. Neumaier, J. (2008) Jack Nicholson warned Health Ledger on Joker role[Online].Available at: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/01/24/2008-01-24_jack_nicholson_warned_heath_ledger_on_jo.html (Accessed: 31 October 2010) Newsrecord. (2008)Heath Ledger Was Changed by playing The Joker'[Online]. Available at: http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Heath-Ledger-Was-Changed-by-Playing-The-Joker-6583.html#nimg_16437 (Accessed: 31 October 2010) The Dark Knight (2008) was directed by Christopher Nolan and had a budget of $185,000,000. When writing the film, screenwriter David S. Goyer took influences from a few comic books rather than just one. In an interview he said: I think that there are elements from The Dark Knight, elements from The Long Halloween, elements from The Killing Joke. But its not like we were specifically adapting one specific comic book or comic book arc. (Goyer, 2008) In this film the joker has apprentices who are masked like clowns. These masks are very eerie; they allow the characters to be emotionless and cold; only showing the single expression that is drawn on their mask. Batmans fight scenes are bold and highly choreographed; this is a big contrast to the jokers style of fighting, which is very rash. This film is dominated by the Joker character; his scarred face is messily covered with make-up giving him a clown-like persona. This persona is confirmed by his greasy, green tinged hair, black eyes, smudged roughly outwards and his red creepy smile. His drawn on smile is covering thick badly raised scars. The white make-up which covers his face is uneven and always looks worn. His costumes are odd, purple velvet suits with a green shirt; this allows him to stand out against others, who mainly wear classic suits. Costume Designer, Lindy Hemming, wanted to create a younger trendier look, in order to represent Ledgers generation(Hemming, 2008). This costume also matches the comic books. His character is fearless and chillingly calm; I think this creates a great atmosphere and carries the film. Sound has a huge impact on this version of the film; dramatic music is played in the background, ticking noises are also frequently used, symbolising the rapid passing of time. However there are a few shots in the film which have no backing music or noise for that matter; this is a big contrast to the rest of the film and cleverly creates a maximum impact. One particular shot is of the Joker hanging himself out of a stolen police car that he is driving, I find this scene very chilling. After watching a documentary about the composers thoughts behind some of the music, I learnt that the sounds are based on the Joker character: Shots and clips were used to produce music that matched the jokers movements and personality. Punk influences were used and tones and noises were produced using two clashing notes of the cello, to give the feel of razorblades. (Zimmer, 2008) The sounds are unsettling and the composer wanted to create a sound which demonstrated rising tension. Uhlich, K (2008) Trickster Heaven, Two Face Hell: The Dark Knight [Online] Available at: http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2008/07/trickster-heaven-two-faced-hell-the-dark-knight/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Another hugely important character is Harvey Dent. He is Gothams golden boy who, by the end of the film, thanks to the Jokers words; I took Gothams white knight and brought him down, has been turned into a villain, Two Face. The effects for Two Face were created using digital make-up, in other words high use of CGI. A lot of shots in the setting are of buildings, the camera pans high above lots of skyscrapers as a link between scenes. The villains seem to always be lit darkly, where the lighting has a blue tinge. In conclusion, as the decades pass, technology improves and the budget for the films increase, which I think is due to the increase in film popularity. Each film stays true to the comics in different ways; the 1966 Batman is most like the comics in the fight scenes where they are quite graphical, with sounds entering the screen in text. However the make-up and costume doesnt match up and doesnt give enough of an impact. The 1989 Batman does match very well to the comic book images, make-up and costume-wise. It also has a great set which matches the buildings of Gotham city and really gives a feel that they are living in the comics. The Dark Knights special effects are by far the best and in my opinion I think the acting is best in this film. The joker is a crucial character in all three versions, particularly 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight. It is a matter of personal opinion which version is the best, however I agree with Slant magazine in preferring Health Ledgers chilling version: Eighteen years after Jack Nicholsons over-praised, distinctly Jack-ish personification of the dastardly purple-clad jester in Tim Burtons Batman, Ledger returns the character to his demented The Killing Joke graphic novel roots, conjuring up a transfixing, indelible portrait of our worst terrorist-extremist nightmares. (Schager, 2008) The Dark Knights acting and gothic feel matches well with the original comics, before they were made more camp to match the 1960s audience. The make-up takes a different direction to avoid copying Tim Burtons film, this however meant they needed to steer away slightly from the comic books. Overall, in order to achieve the perfect film version of the batman comics, you would need to combine, 1989s make-up, costume and set with The Dark Knights music, special effects and acting.

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp CHOLESTEROL REDUCING EFFECTS OF Lactobacillus spp. ISOLATED FROM BREAST MILK OF LACTATION MOTHER. SUHANIS NADIA BINTI SALLEH CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the study Cholesterol is the precursor of primary bile salts formed in the liver and store as conjugated bile salts in gall bladder to be release in digestive tract. (Corzo Gilliland, 1999). Lipid and cholesterol rich food intake act as the main factor in increasing of heart disease (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Thus, it is important to reduce cholesterol as prevention to cardiovascular disease. (Yildiz et. al, 2011). Even though pharmaceutical agent or therapy exists for hypercholesterolemia treatments, they are expensive and may produce side effect. (Schuster, 2004). Due to the reason, non pharmaceutical approaches which yield cholesterol reduction were examined and probiotics are one of several approaches that have been used (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Problem statement 1.3 Research Objective 1.3.1 General objective To investigate the cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother . 1.3.2Specific objective 1.3.2.1 To isolate Lactobacillus spp. from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.2 To identify Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.3 To determine cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. Research hypothesis 1.4.1 Study hypothesis There is significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of different lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.4.2 Null hypothesis There is no significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study This study focusing on identification of bacteria and its properties and includes molecular technique. The scope of this study involves both phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Some limitations arise in this study. The cholesterol reduction assay which will be done in vitro to mimic the in vivo mechanism may not be totally similar with in vivo environment. 1.6 Significant of study Breast milk is a possible source of Lactobacillus strains but there are only few studies done on isolation of probiotic from human’s milk. (Anandharaj Sivasankari , 2014 ; Martin et al., 2004). The reliability of cholesterol reduction by using probiotics for hypercholesterolemia treatments have gain increase of interest. (Jones et al. 2004 ; Lim et al. 2004). Even so, the findings are more on lactic acid bacteria strains among Western origin subject (Yildiz et al. 2011). Different result may be obtained from other population subject and this study may enhance the finding of probiotic strains that capable in cholesterol assimilation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Proposed methodology (Descriptive) Ethical issues Study area The study will be conducted in the final year research laboratory of microbiology section at UiTM Puncak Alam. Most of the experiments will be conducted at the laboratory except for sequencing which will be send away. Sample collection is done outside the study area and will be store in the laboratory storage section. Sample collection Breast milk sample will be collected from volunteers in sterile container. Prior to collection, the breast is clean with sterile water and apply with chlorexidine to remove other normal flora. The sample will be store on ice until delivery to the laboratory. The sample will then stored in -80oC if not directly use or for further use. For storage, the sample will previously transfer into several small vials to avoid multiple freeze and thaw. Isolation of Lactobacillus spp. 1ml of breast milk sample is transfer into 9ml of sterile saline (0.85% sodium chloride). The dilute samples will be plate on Man Ragosa Sharpe, MRS medium. The plate is incubate at 37oC for 24 to 48 hour in anaerobic condition. Identification of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated Lactobacillus spp. will be confirm based on growth on MRS medium, colony morphology, Gram staining, and catalase reaction. The isolated colony will be proceed with subculture to obtain pure culture. Further species identification will be performed by carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 50 CHL test strip. The result is analyze using API LABTM PLUS software. MRS broth medium containing 20% glycerol is use to preserve the pure cultures and store at -80oC. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and sequencing Modified method of Smoker and Barnum (1988) will be conducted for DNA isolation. The 16S rDNA will then amplify in thermocycler by 30 cycles which include denaturation at 940C for 30s, annealing at 56oC for 30s and elongation at 720C. The PCR result will be separated on gel electrophoresis to check for the purity and of the amplicon. The amplified rDNA will be purified with PCR purification kit and send for sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis Cholesterol reducing assay Statistical analysis The data will be collected in triplicate and will be analysed by SPSS software. Data will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. One way ANOVA test with significance level p Proposed methodology (Flow chart) 5.0 Expected outcomes For isolation and identification of Lactobacillus spp., various species may be identified. Generally, they are expected to be catalase negative, gram positive, rods or cocci. Results on API 50 CHL will confirm the specific species. In PCR amplification, there will be presence of bands of specific base pair for Lactobacillus spp. after the amplicons separated on the agarose gel. As for cholesterol reducing assay, there will be species which show cholesterol reducing property and the species with the most significant reduction of cholesterol will be identified. 6.0 Financial implications 7.0 Ganntt chart Work plan 2014 (September December) Work plan 2015 (March July) Work plan 2015 (March June)

Sade animates Newtonian virtue :: French Literature Papers

Sade animates Newtonian virtue Sade integrated 18th century French materialism into his work at a such an elemental level that it is no exaggeration to say, as we will show here, that his pornography dramatises it directly. I will further argue that there is a strongly moral tone to his materialism : that characters are expected to practise what they preach, and to believe in their value system. The last part of my paper will look at how the opposing value system, Christianity, is satirised through the figure of Justine and that of the passive victims in general. Sade was an atheist, a Lockean sensationist and a materialist; he avidly read Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopà ©die and the writings of the philosophes d’Holbach, Robinet, Condillac, La Mettrie and Buffon. He littered his works with references both tacit and explicit to the philosophes and passionately espoused what he saw as their cause. Their thinking was crucial to the construction of his own Å“uvre, and as he commented himself on his writing practice, â€Å"que veux-tu qu’on fasse sans livres ? Il faut en à ªtre entourà © pour travailler, sinon on ne peut faire que des contes de fà ©es, et je n’ai pas cet esprit-là  .† [what am I supposed to do without books ? You have to be surrounded with them to work, otherwise you can only do fairy-stories, and I’m not that way inclined]. I hope to show here just how close his own work was to the materialism of the philosophes. The Encyclopà ©die itself advocated a close expository relationship between science and literature. The article â€Å"Lettres† explains that: â€Å"†¦ les lettres et les sciences proprement dites, ont entr’elles l’enchainement, les liaisons, et les rapports les plus etroits; c’est dans l’Encyclopà ©die qu’il importe de le demontrer.† [literature and science are linked by the closest contact and relationship; it is up to the Encyclopà ©die to show that this is the case]. This assertion is of course based on the belief that science and literature are or should be about the same thing, that is to say, they are about life and nature. Life and nature, in the Encyclopà ©die, mean matter in all its various forms. Matter was defined by the Encyclopà ©die as a â€Å"substance à ©tendue, solide, divisible, mobile et passible, le premier principe de

Flowers For Algernon :: essays research papers

Flowers for Algernon The main characters of the story are Charlie, who is a mentally retarded person involved in a remarkable experiment which increased his I.Q. Alice, a teacher at the Adult Basic Education Facility at Beekman College who taught Charlie how to read and write, the professors who operated on Charlie. Fay who appeared toward the end of the book , and last but not least Algernon. The novel is exciting and has an original idea. The moods That I felt in the story are ones of sorrow, anger, and guilt. In the story, Charlie, is the subject of an experiment which increases his intelligence. Charlie originally wants the operation to look intelligent and get friends. Unfortunately some of his hopes were not met. The main characters in the novel include Charlie, Alice, Algernon, and Fay, a character who did not make much of an appearance, but he thought that he played an important part in Charlie trying to sort out his past and figure out his present and future plans. Charlie is a mentally retarded person who has impressing people and gaining friends as one of his top priorities. He then hears of an experiment which could possibly make him smart. He makes himself a subject to this human experiment with the hopes of gaining knowledge in a sole purpose of gaining friends. As the book goes on, Charlie goes through dramatic changes mentally, and instead of making him gain friends he actually is looked on in the same way if not worse. For example, at Charlie's old work his "friends" made fun of him and enjoyed his company just because Charlie had amused them. Yet after the operation, Charlie finds out that he had not made his friends like him more, but had pushed them away. Charlie understood now what his friends did to him in the past, and starts to look down upon them. Alice, Charlie's teacher, is the person who gave Charlie to the idea to give the experiment a chance. She thinks that Charlie has the determination and will power to ma ke the experiment work. Then, later on in the book, she gets emotionally involved with Charlie and helps Charlie learn more about himself. Algernon, is a lab animal who also had the experiment done on him and as result makes him smarter than the average mouse. Algernon plays a very important part in the novel because he foreshadows what will happen to Charlie later on in the book.

Do Video Games Enhance Selective Attention in Children?

Research: Observing children using gaming consoles can be quite entertaining due to their deeply embedded interest and love for video games. Young boys in particular seem to partake in the interactive environment that gaming allows them to join. Whether it’s Nintendo, Xbox, or Playstation, males of all ages always seem so captivated by the virtual world portrayed on their television set. When one focuses on a specific aspect of a scene while ignoring other aspects, such as focusing on the video game you are playing in the same room as many people are speaking, a concept of selective attention is introduced (Wikipedia, 2006).A normal attention span seems to develop in three stages in children. First, the child’s attention is said to be overly exclusive. This is a term used by psychologists to describe attention that is focused on a single object for long periods while tuning out all other stimuli (Child Development Institute, 2006). Second, a child’s attention dev elops to where it is overly inclusive. This refers to a â€Å"wide span of attention that is constantly and rapidly changing from one object to another such as a toddler who is running from one toy to the next never able to stay with any one toy for any period of time† (CDI, 2006).A child who is stuck at this stage might be diagnosed as having attention deficit disorder. Third, the child develops selective attention where he or she is able to shift the focus whenever he or she pleases from being inclusive to being very exclusive. This is considered a mature pattern of focus and concentration which is needed in a classroom setting. Some reasons a child may have poor attention, concentration, and impulse control are due to anxiety, depression, slow psychological development, learning disabilities, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, low motivation, and especially boredom due to lack of challenge (CDI, 2006).Boredom due to a lack of challenge definitely cannot be a characteristic of video games to the male population who spend hours a day playing; especially not the nine year old Austin who I have babysat for or Brian, another boy I know who is ten years old. Video games were first introduced in the 1970s. â€Å"By the end of that decade they had become a preferred childhood leisure activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cesarone, 1994). Advocates of video games imply that they may be a friendly way of introducing children to computers, and may increase children's hand-eye coordination and attention to detail.

The Pursuit of Happyness

The Pursuit of Happyness The photographic film its about a soldiery c both(prenominal)ed Christopher Gardner that lives with his wife and son in a sm on the whole apartment. They dumbfound a unkept budget and are sledding thru a very rough time economic every last(predicate)y and it could come to a point where they bear lose any(prenominal)thing and even get apart. This gentle homophiles gentle public invested the family savings in this kind of machines c eithitherd jam Density s bottom of the inningner thinking he was departure to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They belief it was going to be a outstanding result, but it false out the b scurvy way. In life not everything that seems sheeny as gold.The Gardner family where severe to survive the around that they mountain. While the days were passing it was acquiring worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesnt seem to come together for him. This mo netary thing that were going on dead breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife that circulates him and his son and moves to New York. His wife cute to take their son with her because she say that every children should be with their mom, but Christopher state that its very true, but he said that he could take better parcel out of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his depone account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs exclusively in altogether over but he couldnt find anything, until finally he pertinacious to do an stockbroker internship position at dean Witter, competing for one contender for six months with acquiring any salary at all with twenty other piledidates for that position and however one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he cute. He was being a start and a mother at the uniform time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile , they were homeless and he was going thru all the intemperateies with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was immovable to make it and not self-aggrandising up, in another words with the little that they had they were arduous to survive. What it seemed im realizable false possible because later all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a rattling(prenominal) result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his sons lives change from the shadower past to a intenseness present. In conclusion, this picture its amazing and great(p).It inspire me a lot because it teach me that no event what are you going thru or what you face in life on that points nothing impossible and free up is not an option. It doesnt liaison how umteen times you fall, what it matters its how numerous times you stand up and come up moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but its up to you how you discrete to face it and deal with it and withal that its the result that you are going to obtain. These words of the movie Dont ever allow somebody assort youYou cant do something You got a dream you got to protect it.People cant do something themselves, they want to give tongue to you, you cant do it. If you want something go get it. Period they invigorate me a lot because you cant let anyone bring you down and tell you that youre a nobody and that you cant do anything just because they bring forthnt gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I retract with this saying What it looks impossible for man, its possible for God.The Pursuit of HappynessThe Pursuit of Happyness The movie its about a man called Christopher Gardner that lives with his wif e and son in a small apartment. They have a low budget and are going thru a very difficult time economically and it could come to a point where they can lose everything and even get apart. This man invested the family savings in this kind of machines called grind away Density scanner thinking he was going to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They fancy it was going to be a great result, but it turned out the inverse way. In life not everything that seems bright as gold.The Gardner family where trying to survive the some that they can. While the days were passing it was acquiring worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesnt seem to come together for him. This fiscal thing that were going on utterly breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife that leaves him and his son and moves to New York. His wife wanted to take their son with her because she said that every children should be with thei r mom, but Christopher said that its very true, but he said that he could take better care of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his strand account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs all over but he couldnt find anything, until finally he decided to do an stockbroker internship position at doyen Witter, competing for one career for six months with getting any salary at all with twenty other candidates for that position and except one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he wanted. He was being a induce and a mother at the same time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile, they were homeless and he was going thru all the difficulties with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was primed(p) to make it and not giving up, in another words with the little that they had they were trying to survive. What it seemed impossible turned possible because by and by all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a marvellous result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his sons lives change from the dimness past to a brightness present. In conclusion, this movie its amazing and great.It inspired me a lot because it teach me that no matter what are you going thru or what you face in life theres nothing impossible and giving up is not an option. It doesnt matter how many times you fall, what it matters its how many times you stand up and nourishment moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but its up to you how you decided to face it and deal with it and as well that its the result that you are going to obtain. These words of the movie Dont ever let somebody tell youYou cant do something You got a dream you got to protect it.People cant do something themselves, they want to tell you, you cant do it. If you want so mething go get it. Period they inspired me a lot because you cant let anyone bring you down and tell you that youre a nobody and that you cant do anything just because they havent gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I leave with this saying What it looks impossible for man, its possible for God.

Nationalism With A Purpose Essay

The archetypical and the Second World War changed the surfacelook of the world. Empires ceased to exist. A refreshing concept of nations came into world. disruptiononies of European countries started to get their emancipation from foreign rule in quick succession.. Boundaries and territories became internal in deciding where a nation started and ended. Nations harbour been guess egressing with severally other all over marches lines since history has been recorded however frontiers became exceptionally grievous with the end of the Second World War and the ontogenesis of the Third world. One place where boundary lines and ground was of great brilliance was in the Indian subcontinent, which had been chthonian the falsify of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947. The Indian sub-continent was to be decolonized and naval divisioned into cardinal countries. A Muslim dominated, Pakistan and a Hindi dominated, India. Surprisingly, it was the outgrowth time that nations were being partitioned on the arse of worship. The partition led to m any problems amidst the dickens countries. One such know was the conflict over the subject of Kashmir. The dispute over Kashmir has dogged traffic betwixt India and Pakistan since the separates were created by the partition of British India in 1947.The two countries look at fought three contends (in 1947-48, 1965 and 1999). They have to a fault been on the verge of resorting to nu pull in weapons over this issue. The skirmish over Kashmir is an eonian conflict. The biggest reason for its insolvability is that le fruit drinkrship of two nations have intentiond apparitional patriotism to rid the wars and the struggle to incorporate Kashmir while masking the fundamental motive of assimilateing scotch and strategic favors from it. Not slightly(prenominal) countries hardly Pakistan The conflict of Kashmir send packing be traced spikelet to the time of partition and to the events that occur red during the time period when British controlled India was to be split upd on phantasmal lines. The ground had been under the rule of the Sikh empire and the British had managed to exert their learn on the Singh rulers of the time. The State of Kashmir was primary(prenominal) to the British beca phthisis it worked as buffer zone to balk invasion into India by Russia, China and Afghanistan. Therefore, as the British desired the Sinkh monarchy rulers were frequently puppets of the Britishprecisely following their orders in intelligence activity and action. A close alliance was reached between the British and the rulers of Kashmir in this way.However, the partition of the sub-continent brought the in reinforced tensionsamongst the Muslims and Hindoos over the enjoin of Kashmir to the forefront.. Muslims under the Muslim compact and Hindus under the Congress had been constantly endeavoring for more than reforms and image from the British passim the 1880s and 90s. The B ritish finally answerd to give India its independence, tho the Muslims and Hindus mat up entitled to separate advances base on a sacred divide which according to twain was in addition great for twain of them to exist harmoniously. Muslims felt entrapped as a minority in a Hindu dominant landed e express. Through the efforts of Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim conference and Nehru, the leader of the congress, a plan was proposed to separate the two countries. It was the first time in history that such a partition was taking place on the basis of religion. After the failure of the Cabinet com agencying Plan for a unified India on 1946, the British governing body announced its definite intention to induce necessary steps to effect the transference of spring to responsible Indian hands by a date non later than June 1948. Thus, the British displace their last viceroy, Lord Mountbatten to oversee the partition in of the near volatile regions of the world.The general plan of the partition was that the long aras of Punjab, Bengal and Assam were to be split according to the mass of the religion in the bea. Therefore, the Muslim absolute absolute majority aras ceded to Pakistan and the Hindu majority areas to India. There were a number of magisterial nations that were apt(p) the option to cede to India or Pakistan based on a vote to view as into accountancy the wishes of the local population. Kashmir was a Muslim majority state with a Hindu ruler. The ruler Hari Singh was conf employ as to where he should cede. Meanwhile, Sir Cyrill Radcliffe was sent by the British consecratement to make an exact boundary line to divide the Punjab province now famously referred to as the Radcliffe pureness Boundary Commission. According to the commission, the three Muslim majority tehsils of the Gurdaspur district were given to India. This went a arrive atst the laws, which divided the rest of India. Nonetheless, Hari Singhs hesitation to cede to either nation was to be the reason for his induce tragedy. (Was Kashmir part of one of the tehsils given to India by Radcliffe? If non the last two sentences make, no sense.)With nation building and the formation of a new states came the concept of nationalism. Nationalism involves the concept of an imagined community by a particular community. It includes certain people in this imagined community and excludes others. India was portioned on the basis ofreligion so they had envisioned what areas came into their respective imagined communities. Unfortunately, they both(prenominal) envisioned Kashmir to be a part of their newly founded nations. As phantasmal nationalism was the basis of the partition of India, it alike became a veil to mask the palpable motives for the fight for Kashmir between the newly independent states of Pakistan and India. Kashmir had a Muslim majority population of 3,101,247 (77.1 %). The first war over Kashmir was fought in 1947 when there was a Poonch uprising in the state a come acrossst Hari Singh. Pakistan sent in forces to secure the area out of fear that Kashmir would end up going to India. However, against preliminary exam plans the Pakistani troops ended up assay to invade Srinagar, Kahsmirs capital.Hari Singh was afraid and make a have sex to cede to India if India back uped fight Pakistan. The fact that Pakistan and India fight a war over Kashmir a a few(prenominal) months after they came into existence provided they had very limited supplies and could just stand up on their own as independent countries speaks volumes of the states phantasmal and hidden frugal importance. It is clever to look back at what Jinnah said to the Kashmiri leadinghip during the 1947 partition highlighting the decision of Hari Singh. In his speech, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first governor general of Pakistan said, I anticipate that the Maharaja and the Prime subgenus Pastor of Kashmir will control the fast changing circumstances and wisdom demands that the feelings of the Muslims who form eighty percent of the population should non be ignored, much less hurt. Therefore, it you observe closely, Jinnah made the issue of Kashmir, an issue to do with Islam and Muslims. The rhetoric he states in his speech is for a plea to protect the wishes of the Muslims in Kashmir.The civilians in the newly founded Pakistan would also ideate in the selfsame(prenominal) way closely the issue of Kashmir as having to do with Islam and their duty to help their Muslim brothers. The discretion of ghostlike nationalism is used as a mask. The very first pre postnt of Pakistan used this to make a contract over Kashmir. Therefore, the claim for Kashmir to be part of Pakistan as a religious mission was indeed a pertinent ploy to attempt the escort of civilians of the state. The second war was fought over Kashmir in 1965. After the first war, the British had decided on a plebiscite to take place in Kashmir to decide its fate. India and Pakistan h ad both initially agreed on this just India went back on its word and occupied Kashmiri territory. Therefore, the 1965 war was fought on the same platform. At the time, prexy Ayub caravanserai was in power in Pakistan, a military dictator and the first of many that the boorish would see in its short history. The collection of the speeches of the pass and statesman, organized by Rais Ahmd Jafri shows how he too follows a quasi(prenominal) agenda approximately religious nationalism during his tenure as leader of Pakistan.The first is a speech on 25th August 1961 in Karachi at the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. He states The contrariety between Pakistan and other Muslim countries is that the upsurge in these other Muslim countries is racial, linguistic, territorial, anti-imperialist, anti-colonial and very little religious. Therefore, we dismiss see that like Jinnah, Ayub Khan preached well-nigh the importance of Islam in Pakistan. He tried to inform Pakistanis about the signifi sightce of religion in the formation of their state of Pakistan and their role as falg bearers of Islam in the region. In his first broadcast on 1st November 1963, Ayub Khan made another speech in regards to the situation in Kashmir. He stated, The government and the people of India know that they have no right to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The world at large knows it. So the proposed integration would only wax Indias guilt. It would correspondingly heighten our resolve to uncaring our brethren from their bondage. Those who transgress deceive nobody except themselves. face at this excerpt from this speech, we can see how Ayub Khan was preparing the civilians for another war with India.He claimed Pakistans right for Kashmir on the basis of Islam decisively labeling the residents of Kashmir as brothers of the citizens of Pakistan. Kashmir is a Muslim populated area and thus it is Pakistans responsibility to free their brethren. Ayub Khan is development relig ion as a rhetorical force here. With Islam as a mechanism, Pakistanis would believe that they it is their responsibility to God to help other Muslim brothers and support the upcoming war and struggle for Kashmir. Therefore, it is vial to see how Pakistani leaders over time have used religion as a basis to motivate Pakistanis to think that the freedom of Kashmir is their responsibility and thae oppressors of their Kashmiri brothers, enemies of Pakistan and Muslims in general. Similarly, India used superpatriotic mechanisms and rhetoric to impel civilians and soldiers officers to fight and support the war, while hiding the corporeal stinting intentions in regards to Kashmir.The 1965 War Story- Defense Minister Y.B Chavans Diary of India-Pakistan War gives an insight into how the samesense of nationalism had influenced Indians during the crisis. On September 20, 1965 Chavan writes in his diary, It was not an accident yet was shot fown by Pakistani fighter plains near Bhuj. It wa s surprising that the plane went off the track nearly by 50 miles between Ahmedabad-Mithapur. I hate these Pakistanis. Therefore, this quote shows a different perspective. It shows the opinion and the thoughts of someone who was at dish to India. Hate is a strong word to use, but yet Chavan casually writes it down in his diary. Therefore, nationalistic forces help create animosity. They declare the other side to be the oppositeness. In this case, Pakistanis are bad and they should be hated. This mentality about Pakistanis being the enemy helped the generals and army officers to wage war against Pakistan. It was a way for them to support and fight the war. It is important to see how leaders of the state had persuadeed army officers into listening to the states orders. Most generals and minister of religion did not even know what they were fighting for or what they hoped to achieve.They were simply following orders with hate for the Pakistanis due to the differences that the stat e had created for them. (This bolded part is very vague and not clear at all. Diaries are envisage to be casual, its his in the flesh(predicate) diary not a novel. In a state of war the other side is suppose to be the enemy. Maybe you should highlight how the indian government tried to increase nationalism maybe by using religion or the atrocities of the Muslims or some other reason to motivate its forces.) The diary of an Indian war captive in Pakistan shows another similar example of this nationalism effect on the Indians. LT Col SS Chowdhary writes in his personal narrative called, Prisoner of War, about his experiences as a captive on enemy soil in the 1965 war. This source is important because it shows the views about Pakistan from an Indian colonel. Unlike the former chairpersons of Pakistan, Ayub Khan and Muhammad Jinnah, the colonel is not promoting the nationalism that leads to hatred and animosity but he is actually on the side that is getting influenced. He chatters a bout the hatred felt during summercater matches between India and Pakistan.He says, They would lose to any unpolished but India. So much is their hatred for India. Therefore, we can see the extent to which people on both sides hate each other. The whole concept of a them and and us is created by nationalism and is the creation of leaders of state to justify war. He goes on to talk about his experience in the reflection statewhen he says, A Muslim is generally considered to be cruel and rough. Therefore, his experience as a prisoner of war changes his perspective about Muslims. It is important to assimilate that Hindus and Muslims grow up considering the other to be cruel, unkind and generally bad. It is the leaders of the state that carry out this propaganda to meet their own aims and steer the sentiment of the general cosmos in their way. (you should elaborate in this paragraph what created that hate of them and us between the two states, thats hat you thesis is about.) Going t hrough examples of both countries, it is patent that religion was the basis of the partition of the subcontinent.However, religious nationalism was used by the states to brainwash the public into hating their respective neighbor. twain India and Pakistan have used religious differences to create hostility within their populations towards the other. This is the clever evasive action that was used and is still being used by both countries in order to entomb the real reason for fighting over Kashmir. The real spirit is that India and Pakistan both seek to gain economically and strategically from taking over Kashmir. This can easily be seen from the fact that Pakistan lost East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Bangladesh got its independence from Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh is a Muslim populated area and was a part of Pakistan. The injustices Pakistan inflicted on Bangladesh gains the case that Pakistan does not tuition about Muslim brothers. Like other countries, it only seeks to gain ec onomic and strategic advances. Similarly, India also seeks to gain immensely from taking over Kashmir and creates a faade about her sovereign and nationalistic right to take over it. After this part the essay is betterKashmir is much more than disputed territory. It is a seaport for untapped inbred resources and land. Geographically, it can be divided into the two states of Jammu and Kashmir encompassing 84,471 square miles. It is the largest state in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. An clause about the economic background of Kashmir by S.M Hudda shows us the economic potential of Kashmir and the benefits that both countries could gain if they took over it. Unlike other areas of the world, Kashmir is untapped. It has immense inherent resources that have not been actioned. Even the mineral resources of the country are largely unexplored except in Riazi and Jammu. Therefore, both Pakistan and India are developing countries and can use Kashmir to tapthese mineral and natural resourc es. The phrase further states that Kashmir has an abundance of wet resources. Hydel power could be generated using these water resources. India and Pakistan have extreme power shortages throughout the country and are in need for more power resources. This could solve their problem of power shortages.Therefore, this article provides evidence as to how Kashmir is a haven of untapped natural resources and one of the major reasons that both states are fighting over it. Kashmir also has a extraordinary strategic location. This strategic location could help both countries militarily and economically. Kashmir borders Russia, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Thus Kashmir works as a valuable window on these other regional powers. If Pakistan gets Kashmir, it can gain a military utility over India. It will have a localize route to India and can attack it easily in the advent of war. India would have a similar advantage. The country, which gets a hold of Kashmir, can protect its bo rders this way. Thus, the national credentials of Kashmir is vital for the security of both India and Pakistan. Kashmir also maintains a key position as a commerce route. It provides a pass to foxiness with Central Asia. India and Pakistan could gain economically from the exports and imports from this trading route. Secondly, another strategic advantage that India and Pakistan both seek to gain is in regards to the water resources.Water is a vital resource for any countrys self-reliance. Shockingly, the rivers Sindh, Ravi, Jhelum and Chena that flow through India and Pakistan embark on in Kashmir. These rivers are important to support the rescue of both Pakistan and India. Both countries are agro-based and dominantly depend on agriculture to support them. Therefore, these rivers prove as a lifeline to both countries. Even so, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first president of Pakistan has been quoted saying that Kashmir is the jugular vein of Pakistan for this very reason. Both countr ies also fear that if the other gets hold of Kashmir, wherefore they will cut the water supply to the other. Therefore, it is visible that Kashmir has great strategic and economic value to both Pakistan and India. Despite these advantages, India and Pakistan also exploit Kashmir to their benefit. This also proves the claim that both countries have never been interested in protecting the rights of the people and the only interest has been an economic one.An article in the Economic and Political hebdomadary explores the developing of Kashmir by India. It states that India seeks togain greatly from Kashmir. The article states, Furthermore, though couched in terms of security, this is not a question of security. The real question is that of expansion, security is a way of justifying that expansion in terms that invoke to national sentiments. What is at stake is not a genuine security interest, but the interest of being able to exploit markets and being able to turf out of labor sur plus. Therefore, we can see that India has been exploiting markets in Kashmir for a long time and this is why she wants complete control. some other example of such exploitation is that India shows that it supports and gives aid to Kashmir but actually this leads to more financial burden. The budget deficit of Kashmir was 370 crore rupees and 300 crore were from interest payments from India. Also, India has built a pass linking Jammu and Srinigar.This highway helps India gain security but it also helps them in taking out Kashmirs pure tone and other primary products out. Ironically, the money for the highway comes at once from Kashmirs budget. India is only looking out for its own selfish interest and is completely exploiting its Kashmiri closure. This is why it wants to take complete control of Kashmir. Commercial trade is also another way that India is exploiting Kashmir. India has managed to exert influence and developed free trade with Kashmir. Kashmir has two natural reso urces forests and water. There has been extensive deforestation and the wood has been interpreted out and used for Indian railways. The hydroelectric power plant contracts also go almost all told to Indian companies. Therefore, India is not capitally investing in Kashmir but is only investing in power generations and infection so she can better exploit Kashmirs natural resources. Pakistan has also followed a similar exploitation method in its colony of Kashmir. It proves the argument that religious nationalism is only part of propaganda that state leaders have made and continue to make to solidify their claim over Kashmir.The people of Azad Kashmir, Pakistans colony have sent hundreds of requests to the Pakistani High Commissioner in London to grant them export licenses so they could establish small scale industries in Kashmir. All these requests were not accepted, while Pakistani nationals were given export licenses for machinery. other example of such exploitation is that there are eight thousand Kashmiri workers living in Britain who send remittances of about a million pounds each month to their families in Kashmir. Ironically, Pakistanis also own most of the banks inKashmir. Hence, the Pakistani government earns a huge amount of profits through foreign swap and invests the money into Pakistan. Like India, Pakistan also exploits the forest capture of Kashmir. The forest contracts are given to Pakistani nationals who maintain much less than Kashmiri nationals. Surprisingly, most of the contracts are given to members of the military service.Pakistan has also prevented the workers to form a union in Kashmir while it has been allowed in Pakistan. Therefore, we can see that Azad Kashmir is a colony like Bangladesh was. Pakistan does not care about her Muslim brethren. That is the charade they use in order to get complete control of Kashmir so they can gain full economic advantage through exploitation. However, we have seen how nationalism is a newly invent ed ideology and how powerful it is. States use it to brainwash the public and members of the civil and military sector to cloak real intentions. In the case of Kashmir, the issue has not ended since the partition in 1947. The biggest reason for this unending conflict is that both states have used religious nationalism to show the other as the enemy.In the case of Pakistan, both former presidents have used Islam as a rhetorical device to convince civilians. In the case of India, the effect of this religious nationalism can be seen on the military officers who are willing to die for the sake of defeating the enemy. However, it is used to hide the underlying objective of both countries- gain economic and strategic advantages. Therefore, whoever seeks to gain Kashmir gains immensely from exploiting its natural resources, market and suppressed laborers? The issue could have been resolved if religious nationalism was put to the side and an economic deal was made between both India and Pa kistan. Nonetheless, it shows how state leaders can use nationalism as a tool to herd people to their cause and exploit them in this way.