Felons: Democracy and Equal Protection Clause

Coleman Wahlborg Richard English IV, 1A 9 September 2011 Felons and Voting This year 5. 3 million people will be unable to vote not because they are mentally unable, not because they are underage, but because they are felons and ex-felons (Holding, 2006). Ex-felons are people who committed a felony and have served their punishment, dictated by the judiciary system, and are living in the community. When previous convicts are released from prison they are considered citizens again. Being a citizen, one is promised certain rights and responsibilities. As an ex felon one is a free citizen who can exercises the rights and responsibilities granted by the Constitution of the United States of America. Since former felons have earned their rights back shouldn’t this include voting? Whether ex-felons should be able to vote or not is a very popular issue among people. The two sides in the issue can be fairly biased. Some people might know felons that they think should be able to vote and others are on the other side of the argument. However, research says that there are several reasons why ex-felons should and shouldn’t be able to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment states, â€Å"no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or the immunities of citizens in the United States. † This law sets forth that citizens have privileges and no one has the right to deprive citizens of these privileges. Current felons are not members of society, but previous felons’ civic rights are restored when they complete their sentence. Denying ex-felons the right to vote abolishes their rights (Krajick, 2004). Only two states allow current felons to vote, and ten states permanently prohibit former felons from voting (Zotti, 2000). This means that people who used poor judgment in the past, paid their debt to society, and were released from jail, are still being punished and shunned from being normal everyday citizens. Prohibiting ex-felon voting is not only a punishment to them, but also to society (Should felons be allowed to vote, 2008). The people of United States will be fortunate if 40% of eligible voters cast a ballot for the next presidential election (Holding, 2006). â€Å"Instead of prohibiting felon voting, we should require it† (Holding, 2006). We should be finding ways to get people to the polls, not keeping them away. Ex-felons who are going to return to their ways are not going to be interested in having a voice in the government. Individuals who are not already deterred from crime by the threat of confinement are not likely to be swayed by the prospect of losing their right to vote (Mauer, 2004). Individuals who have changed are the ones that want to vote, and the ones who have not changed will most likely wind up in the criminal justice system again â€Å"Voting is not a privilege; it is the basic right that defines a citizen. Those denied it are, in effect, stateless — people without a country† (Krajick, 2004). Voting is a right that defines a citizen in the since of when a person votes they are considered responsible and knowledgeable for not just complaining about the government but casting a vote to try to change things. When one does not vote, and is disconnected from the government in which they live, and they are stateless because they have no control over decisions that are made. The efforts to block ex-felons from voting makes those individuals feel more detached from society, which increases the chance that they will continue to break the law (Williams, 2010). Past felons feel they cannot get involved in their government because they are turned away, which essentially leads so many ex-felons to resort to their old ways. In 2000, the Alexander v. Mineta Supreme court case that dealt with the Equal Protection Clause came to the conclusion; â€Å"The Equal Protection Clause does not protect the right of all citizens to vote, but rather the right of all qualified citizens to vote. However, the Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive sanctions, and demands that punishment for crimes should be graduated and proportioned to the offense (Karlan, 2004). Therefore, felons who are released from jail have been punished for their crime; more punishment on their part is inhumane of society. The states that continue to exclude all felons permanently are outliers, within the United States and the world (Karlan, 2004). People who argue that ex felons should not have the right to vote believe that they have presented poor judgment and it is absurd to let them help in he choosing of our representatives (Carlson, 2006). This is agreeable to a certain extent, but when one takes a deeper look, the harsh answer is former convicts are stereotyped by most people. While these previous felons have presented poor judgment in the past, who is to say they will never change (Chapman, 2006)? The government lets ex-convicts marry, have children, drive and have the freedom of religion. In many places, the assumption is that ex-felons cannot be trusted to help choose our leader. If we thought criminals could never be reformed, we would never let them out in the first place (Chapman, 2006). There are many reasons why felons should be able to take place in the voting system; however there are reasons why they shouldn’t be able to. Felons become felons by presenting an act of poor judgment in most cases. Felons cannot vote for similar reasons that children can’t vote. â€Å"We don't let children vote, for instance, or noncitizens, or the mentally incompetent. Why? Because we don't trust them and their judgment. We have different reasons for not trusting them, but it seems to me that that is their common denominator† (Clegg, 2004). People who have committed crimes in their life have already shown us that they are not trustworthy people (Clegg, 2004). â€Å"And, as to equity, if you're not willing to follow the rules yourself, you shouldn't be able to make the rules for everyone else† (Clegg, 2004). Because voting determines in the long run who will make the rules for our country, there is no reason why the country should allow people who can’t follow the rules, vote on the rules. Now, I will freely concede that there are felons who ought to have their right to vote restored, but that should be done on a case-by-case basis, weighing (a) how serious the crime was, (b) how recently it was committed, (c) whether there has been a series/pattern of crimes, and (d) whether the individual has otherwise shown that he or she has turned his or her life around† (Clegg, 2004). C legg states that not all felons are in the same category. It is understandable that murderers should not be allowed to vote. On the other hand, some people really have gone through a long process to change their life around for the better. The right to vote is not granted to those under the age of eighteen. That age limitation demonstrates that voting rights may be restricted when there is reason to doubt the potential voter’s good judgment† (Latham, 2006). Latham shares similar ideas to Clegg on how the age limitation on voting and whether felons should be able to vote are connected due to prior judgment or lack there of. The interests of convicted felons might also differ from the primary interest of the American citizen body who want to be protected from criminals (Latham, 2006). A primary issue for the convicted felons as a whole is that 2/3 of felons released commit crimes within the next three years; not counting the ones that were not caught. Holding, Reynolds. â€Å"Why Can't Felons Vote? – TIME. † Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews – TIME. com. 1 Nov. 2006. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. Krajick, Kevin. â€Å"Why Can't Ex-Felons Vote? (washingtonpost. com). † Wahlborg 2 The Washington Post: National, World & D. C. Area News and Headlines – The Washington Post. 18 Aug. 2004. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A9785- 2004Aug17. html

James

The reading that I decided to summarize is called â€Å"The Emergence of the Star System in America† by Richard Decorate. The topic Is very useful because It emphasizes the Idea of the star system. The system Includes different kinds of Information that was created about actors.The velveteen of the system was influenced and developed through three transformations like â€Å"the discourse on acting, the picture personality and the star† The reading is significant because the write takes the reader thought the Journey about what perception of film actors used to be before 1907 and how the incept of performers kept evolving and changing till the year of 1914.The first transformation Is the discourse on acting. Decorate argues that before 1907, film actors were not popular and all the â€Å"Journalistic discourse of the time focused primarily on the scientific aspects of the apparatus†). It was assumed that films were products that did not have any involvement of hum an labor until the rise of another discourse in 1907, the importance of the labor in film production.The discourse led to a new knowledge which created a â€Å"struggle destined to resituated the site of textual radioactivity for the spectator away from the work of the apparatus Itself' Another very Important aspect Is that at the time all those who appeared In films were called picture performers and their activities were described as posing because the activity of acting in film was known only in terms of photography due to â€Å"struggle between a photographic and a theatrical conception of the body' (Decorate, p 19). In 1908, a huge decrease in demand of documentary films led to development of dramatic films.It led too huge popularity of people who appeared in films and who had a lend of the prolific, film and the real stories. The blend led to strengthening of the concept called the picture performer and acceptance of the fact that the â€Å"art of acidulous be translated to the screen† (Decorate, p 22). The acceptance allowed society to legitimate the concept of cinema and get new tastes of consumption like a combination of good action and acting in order to appeal to large audiences. The second transformation is the picture personality.Actors presented themselves with fictional names and public personalities. Three kinds of knowledge appeared hill creating the personality. The first one Is the circulation of the name that emphasizes the â€Å"difficulty of separating the circulation of the players' names and the circulation of the films they were in† (Decorate, p 25). Actors were identified in specific films because of names. The second knowledge is intellectuality. It â€Å"constituted the picture personality† . The knowledge was created by both the cinema and press. Personalities of performers supposed to be Just like their characters had.The knowledge emphasized stage experiences of actors. The last ell known transformation Is the star. Stars have always been â€Å"characterized by a fairy through going articulation of the paradigm professional Life/private life. With the emergence of the star, the question of the player's existence outside his/her work in films entered discourse† Around 1914, there was already no restriction in terms of knowledge and textually of players in films. Personal lives of stars became a new kind of a popular knowledge. Professional and personal lives became self-controlled film characters.Eventually, the main difference between â€Å"the picture personality and he star is that the later supports a family discourse† The redundancy and closure of the two lives led to the emergence of the star concept with its system and power. The writing is very useful it terms of understanding how the concept of the star was created and why it evolved in certain ways. It was also very helpful to understand the emergence in terms of the three key transformations likeliest discourse on acting, the picture personality and the star. The transformations allowed me to learn about interconnected aspects and facts which led to the concept of the star system.

Implication of Market Imperfections for Economic Development Finance Essay

As the period section shows, the operation of capital markets does not match the assumptions underlying perfect competition but instead is characterized by market imperfections that can create capital availability gaps. Despite the united states well developed capital markets, a firm’s location, industry, amount and form of capital needed and the number and type of financial institutions serving its area can all affect its access to capital. Nonetheless, some common capital markets imperfection first, equity capital in amount below several million dollars is not available from public markets and institutional sources. Moreover, for small and early stage firms, equity capital is largely limited to firms in â€Å"hot† industries with perceived high growth potential. Second, debt capital for small firms and in amounts below several million dollars in largely available from private financial institutions. Thus, debt availability is dependent on competition and lending polices within the local banking and commercial finance market. Small business and real estates loan below $50,000 are not available from private financial institutions in most markets and in some cases the threshold may be higher furthermore, regulatory policies, cyclical economic conditions and limited competition all affect the cost and availability of debt. Several implications for economic development finance practice emerge from this analysis. First, local economic and financial market conditions shape capital supply gaps. Therefore, to design effective intervention strategies, practitioners need to understand local capital market conditions, the private financial institutions active in their region and how their business strategies and lending policies affect capital supply. The formal aspects of capital market analysis and its application to program design, since capital markets are dynamic, with conditions changing capital availability and economic development from year to year, practitioners also gain critical knowledge through their ongoing engagement in financing transactions and dialogue with private financial institutions, firms and industry associations, second, development finance professionals are in the business of expanding the supply of small amounts of capital and higher risk capital. These are the most ubiquitous capital supply gaps to address. Finally, the private capital market are the potential imperfection competition (supply side) information access transaction costs rational profit maximizing behavior regulatory factors conclusion public equity market extensive publicly available information provided by firms. Firms followed by analyst, high costs to firm for legal, disclosure, printing and underwriter’s fees cyclical factors and fads affect investor demand, may be discrimination for or against certain industries impose high transaction costs not viable for raising small amount of equity below several million dollars public debt market extensive. Extensive publicly available information provided by firm credit ratings available high costs to firm for legal, disclose printing and underwriter’s fees cyclical factors and fads affect investor demand, may be discrimination for or against certain industries impose high transaction costs not viable for raising small amounts of debt below several million dollars private equity market limited, depends on location, investment and sector must be collected and analyzed by investor may not be feasible for small transactions low to moderate cost. Primarily for legal work cyclical factors and fads affects investor demand, may be discrimination for or against certain industries non regulated hard to raise small amounts of equity. Available largely for firms with very high growth potential and capacity for IPO or acquisition private debt market moderate, depends on location, investment and sector must be collected and analyzed by lender, may not be feasible for small transactions low to moderate costs primarily for legal work regulations affect types of loans. Discrimination for or against certain industries, type of firms, location etc, may occur limits types and level of risk, banks are required to meet community credit needs most important capital source for small firms and development projects, limited supply of long term debt, small loans and riskier financing. Most important financing source for small business and small scale or unconventional development projects, both of which will have little access to the public markets. Developing relationships with and designing programs that work in tandem with key private capital market institutions, especially commercial banks and venture capital firms, is central to the work of economic development finance. Expanding capital availability for economic development entails two types of market interventions. 1)Perfecting the operation of existing capital markets and 2)Creating alternative development finance institutions.  The first form of intervention changes the operation of private capital market institution either by eliminating the sources of market imperfections that create capital gaps or changing the behaviors, perceptions and risk preferences of private finance and institutions. Practitioners produce the greatest impact by changing the performance of existing capital markets since they are the primary means for financing economic activity and allocate hundreds of billions of dollars of capital. This critical area of economic development finance practice involves three interventions. Risk sharing tools and policies that encourage private sector institutions to bear greater risks and extend higher risk debt financing. Loan guarantees are the most common example of risk sharing. Other approaches include portfolio based loan insurance and financial incentives. Chapter 8 focus on these interventions. Bank regulatory polices can reduce barriers to economic. Development investments by financial intermediaries and create incentives and standards to expand services, lending and investment for economic development purposes banks also provide an institutional platform that development finance practitioners can use to address disinvestment and capital market failure. The use of banking regulations and banking institutions to expand capital availability is the focus of absorbing information and other transaction costs for private lenders and investors by collecting and generating information, preparing financing applications, analyzing potential investment or servicing loans. This is a cross cutting approach that is discussed under program models. Despite the importance of expanding capital availability through private sector financial markets, there are limits to the first intervention strategy. When the institutional structure of capital markets does not support the channeling of sufficient capital to regional economic development needs or when capital availability and economic development. Private financial intermediaries are too risk averse, it become necessary to establish alternative financial institution to ensure capital availability. New public sector, non profit and community based financial institution can re-direct the region’s own savings and attract external funds to expand the supply of capital to business enterprises and development projects, five alternative development finance institutions are covered in this book, revolving loans funds, a common and easily adaptable finance program. Economic development finance involves using both strategies, often in complementary and synergistic ways. For example, or region might create loan guarantee programs to expand bank financing for higher risk small business debt of $100,000 or more while also creating a new revolving loan fund or micro enterprise fund to supply debt in smaller amounts. Similarly state regulations might be altered to allow increased bank, insurance company and pension fund investment in venture capital while new quasi public intermediaries are created to manage this new source of private equity capital. These are only two examples of many ways in which both intervention strategies can be combined. Each community will create its own examples based on local economic development goals and opportunities and in accordance with its capital market environment. As an entry point into economic development finance. However this presents an incomplete picture of financial markets, ignoring the demand side of the market place, economic development finance practice also requires an understanding of the financing needs of small businesses and development projects and what forms of capital should be supplied to address these needs. Additionally, practitioners needs skills to manage individuals financing transactions such as evaluating whether business or development project can productively use capital and defining the appropriate type and terms of financing to offer.

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire Research Paper

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire - Research Paper Example In primary schools in Europe, the authors note that use of ICT improves achievement in English as a home language in addition to encouraging better performance in science and design in children aged from seven to sixteen years. Schools with well developed ICT programs and related resources demonstrate better achievement in all subjects compared to those with poor levels of the technology. However, better performance while using ICT in schools is realized if education policy makers establish favorable environment for effective application of the technology in educational institutions (Anja, Stella and Roger, 14). Use of ICT in learning institutions has remarkable impacts on teachers and teaching process. According to Anja, Stella and Roger(17) the technology increases enthusiasm among the instructors leading to heightened positive attitude towards their careers. Ina addition, ICT enhances their efficiency especially in preparation of teaching plans. Effective use of information manage ment systems while teaching encourage collaborative learning among teachers leading to better teaching experience. However, various barriers impede realization of projected gains of adopting information technology. These include poor ICT competence in the teaching fraternity, which lowers their confidence in the class while applying the technology. In addition, poor organization, inadequate maintenance of ICT hardware and limited access to appropriate ICT infrastructure prevents learners from gaining maximum benefits from ICT technology (Anja, Stella and Roger, 17-28). 2. Ellen, Wartellla and Nancy Jennings. â€Å"Children and Computers: New Technology, Old Concerns.† The Future of Children, 10.2(2000): 31-40. The authors examine the concerns of increased exposure of children to computer applications and related technology. According to, Ellen and Nancy (32), wired computer provides the modern society with new mass media including computer games, CD ROMs and the web. In Unite d States, about 60% of homes with young children aged from eight to seventeen years own computers that are connected to the internet with intention of learning (Ellen and Nancy, 33). However, Ellen and Nancy notes that the society needs to balance the educational benefits of using computers with the potential harms. The authors compare the recent controversy of using computer technology with the controversies that characterized application of earlier technologies such radio, television films and movies. Introduction of films in American society in the early 1900 was met with considerable support from parents who considered them as important sources of entertainment and education to their children. Later, the same society that supported watching of films especially among young children began opposing them on the grounds that they promoted immorality, violence and delinquency in children and teenagers. These concerns raised the issue of censorship and restricting access of various fil m and movie content to the children (Ellen and Nancy, 35). Unlike film industry that was regulated later after the society raised concerns about its effects on children, radio was regulated by the federal government immediately after it was introduced. Similarly, introduction of

Public Health Leadership Intervention for Teen Dating Violence Research Paper

Public Health Leadership Intervention for Teen Dating Violence - Research Paper Example One particular rite of passage for this age group involves the social institution of dating. In such a setting, teenagers are alone and often vulnerable. As such, teen-dating violence has become a problem in many segments of society, and is also one that is commonly overlooked or ignored. Mayes (2008) contends that, â€Å"Teen dating violence is a common and often overlooked problem in schools† (p. 37). It is important, therefore, that public health professionals, including medical doctors and psychologists, understand the implications of this problem and work to take measures to provide adolescents with the tools and resources needed to minimize their chances of becoming a victim. While there is much work to be done in this area, many studies have been conducted that take an in-depth look at effective intervention strategies aimed at reducing teen dating violence. What follows is a review of various published material that examines just this. Problem Statement The problem is that the incidences of teen dating violence are on the increase and public health professionals are ill equipped to intervene and reduce the number of victims in their community. Review of Scholarly Literature It must be noted that violence amongst teenagers in a relationship is a common problem and is growing into a serious health concern. It is estimated that about 9% of adolescents experience some form of physical violence during a dating relationship every year (Jouriles, et. al, 2011, p. 302). This leads us to the conclusion that the rate might even be higher, as many communities under report such incidences. Violence that takes place in a dating relationship can be severe. The consequences are certainly evident in the short-term, but the long-term effects can be even more devastating. These consequences include, but are certainly not limited to, serious physical injuries, rape, and death. Studies have also shown that even playful innuendos, such as sexual coercion, undertaken by one partner in a relationship, can have disastrous long-term consequences on the victim and threaten their very psychological well-being. For these reasons alone, it is important for medical practitioners, and other concerned stakeholders, to understand the events that lead to teen-dating violence and to make it a societal goal to reduce such incidences. Dating violence is often condoned because one party believes that they deserved the action that was forced upon them. This is a type of victimization syndrome that has pervaded society for centuries. Maas, et. al., notes, â€Å"Teen dating violence is a prevalent form of youth violence that has gained increasing attention from researchers† (2010, p. 131). A further study of female students in the 9th-12th grades revealed that 20% were victims of physical or sexual abuse in dating relationships. This is alarming and indicates with near certainty that many cases are simply going unreported. Studies also show that more girls than boys are victims and that there are more cases of violent behavior in dating relationships in urban areas and in rural communities (Fredland, 2008, p. 95). Weisz and Black (2009) recently concluded a thorough examination of effective intervention strategies aimed at reducing the number of incidences of teen dating violence. During the course of their study, they discovered that teens are not likely to discuss dating

Organizational Cultures-The Jewelry Industry Case Study

Organizational Cultures-The Jewelry Industry - Case Study Example The company follows a long supply chain hence making it extremely important for the communication to be effective and efficient. The communication goes in sequence of hierarchy and follows supply chain management making it easier for the business and operations to run smoothly. The organization handles raw materials that are expensive hence the communication process and practices should be precise and to the point. To the organization the most important thing is the consumer confidence as the company deals with people's dreams, desires and their self-image that are enhanced or improved by the products that they produce. It is strictly advised that code of conduct should be followed by all the personals employed in a correct and effective way in order to maintain the ethical standards of the brand. The ethical issues related to this company mostly concern human rights and mining as both of these give rise to ethical and environmental issues. Organizational diversity is present in this company as it is present in almost all the organizations working with diamonds. The special emphasize is on the craftsmen ship and hand art to shape up the elements into beautiful diamonds hence people from all around the world become the part of the process of production (Joanne Martin 2001). Though new technology takes over diamond production and now manufacturing of diamonds is done through machines still a lot of organizational diversity is being experienced. The diversity is handled in the same way as it is handled in any other organization that is by creating cross-functional teams and taking into consideration the benefits of having a diverse work force. Dress and language (jargon) The dress and language at any organization that manufactures or produces diamonds is simple and easy to understand, as there is not much technicality apart from the machines that are being used to process the elements. The dress code used is normally the one used all over the world that is formal but non-formal dressing is acceptable. Organizational customs Organizations have different customs and rituals. At DeBears special get together are arranged that have people from different departments meet each other and discuss their side of work. This not only helps in making a community inside the organization but also helps in making employees of different departments learn how things are going in the same organizations but in different segments of the company. Stories of employees that have made history or were high performance workers are shared among employees to raise motivation levels. Conflict management As mentioned above the company consists of a long supply chain hence handling conflicts becomes difficult but special rules and regulations and reporting techniques are being followed to reduce this difficulty. Managers and mentors are there to prevent conflict and in situations of conflict special step-by-step procedures are followed to handle the situation. Observable organizational policies The observable policies include following of ethics, it should be made sure that each and every individual in the organization follows rules and regulations. Time punctuality is strictly followed. Daily operations are conducted in a proper hierarchical way. Reporting of misconduct to customers

Are Hobbes theories of Politics on a Sicence of Human Nature as Essay

Are Hobbes theories of Politics on a Sicence of Human Nature as scientific as he might like to think - Essay Example This research will begin with the biography of Thomas Hobbes. Born in 1588, Hobbes was an English philosopher who worked extensively in political philosophy. His work was so influential that it formed the foundation for political philosophy that follows the social contract theory. The writings and viewpoints of Hobbes are often considered to be depressing and a very negative consideration of human nature and political systems as a whole. He believed that the only way for humans to survive effectively was in a society that had a sovereign who had absolute power, due to the fact that conflict is a necessary component of human nature. However, his theory was based around his knowledge and experience with society at one particular point in human history, and did not consider the possibility of sovereign power being misused. Because of this, his theories are not scientific in nature, and cannot reasonably be applied to current society. Hobbes is often considered to be the founding father of current political philosophy, and his ideas have influenced debates and discussion of human nature and politics since his own time and through to the present day. His proposal that human society requires a sovereign who has complete power and is the only source of political decision-making, is supported by few. However, many of the ideas that Hobbes presented are fascinating especially in modern times where people strive for independence and question any form of authority. Hobbes work was detailed, and he presented his proposals and theories clearly, backing them up with examinations of human nature and what he considered to drive human actions. ... There are many different approaches to this, with some people believing that human nature is purely innate, others that it is the result of choice and still others believing in a combination of the two factors. For Hobbes, his work focused primarily on how politics affected human nature, and how human nature affected politics. Hobbes was one of many theorists that forwarded the idea of an innate fixed human nature, and his viewpoint was predominantly individualistic. Hobbes’ most famous work is the Leviathan and the publication argued many of his points and theories in depth. This book set about to define what drives the actions of humans and to develop a model for their motivation and how humans can be organized into society. Specifically, much of Hobbes’ focus in the book was political Unlike many of his contemporises, Hobbes’ focus cam from his study of physics, and he believed that action in humans was result of mechanical reactions to inputs from their sense s. He considered that this came about through impulses that were guided both by instinct and human volition . Throughout his work, Hobbes deeply examines human nature and all aspects of the mind and the relationship between the mind and the body. He considers factors such as imagination, perception, reason and emotion, and uses this information to provide a basis for his political arguments. One aspect of his theory is the power of the person, which Hobbes considers to include the ability to satisfy desires both now and in the future, as well as the ability to exert control over others. He considers it is essential that a person’s power compete with the power of other people. Through his work he argues for the

Internet Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Internet Marketing - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  the internet is a unique medium of marketing because of the interactive nature and thus it is able to not only provide instant responses but also elicit instant responses from clients and audience in general. Furthermore, the hastily embrace of internet has been as a result of the alleged wider scope of the internet marketing. The scope is wider because it involves both digital media such as e-mail and the wireless media. It is also important to note the fact that internet marketing also involves management of customer data which is digital and also an electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) system.  This paper discusses that internet marketing continues to be popular because it combines the dual potential of internet for marketing; the creativity and technical aspects. These two greatly enhance the aspects of marketing such as the development of design, advertisement and sale. Internet marketing engages the customers through vario us stages such as SEM (search engine marketing), Banner adverts within various popular websites such as face book, marketing via e-mail, SEO (search engine optimization) and web 2.0 strategies. These various stages of customer engagement afford a wider audience and have a scope component as well.  When one talks of internet marketing, a business model within which the internet marketing is conducted is implied. Internet marketing is related to a number of business models. Some of these models include e-commerce, affiliate marketing and publishing among others. Most of these models are based on the particular needs of both the individual customer and needs of the company or organisation that launches the internet marketing campaign. As far as the e-commerce model is concerned (model that is embraced by most organisations that carry out internet marketing) the goods and/or services are sold straight to the customers or other business organisations without going through intermediarie s. This approach is able to afford the internet marketing a one-to-one approach. In this one-to-one internet marketing approach, the targeted consumer is usually browsing alone and thus the advertisement message is able to reach him/her personally. This approach is mostly used along with what is popularly known as search marketing. Search marketing is an internet marketing scenario in which the advertisements are based on the search keywords that are entered by the person browsing the internet (Hanson, 1999: pp245-255). 2.1 Advantages of Internet Marketing Internet marketing is relatively cheaper as compared to other offline media used for marketing. The cost effectiveness is measured in terms of the cost to target audience ratio. Actually, at a lower cost, internet marketing is able to reach a wider audience than the other offline marketing would achieve at a similar

English 2 - DB 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English 2 - DB 3 - Essay Example Main Point 3: Alcohol has a negative effect on the health of the drinker since it exposes them to diseases such as cirrhosis (OMalley, & Wagenaar, 1991). Such chronic diseases reduce the life expectancy period and hence bringing the allowable drinking age to 18 years will consequently reduce the society’s life expectancy age. Sources 1: OMalley, P. M., & Wagenaar, A. C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 52(5), 478. According to the research done by O’Malley and Wagenaar, there is enough proof that reducing the drinking age has adverse negative effects. The effects negative not only affect the teenager, but they extend to the society both in the short and long run (OMalley, & Wagenaar, 1991). They note that the action would not have any advantages to the teenagers, and the only possible beneficiaries are the alcohol manufacturers since they will have increased sales. This journal discusses the effects of reducing the legal drinking age .according to the research; they note that alcoholism at a young age creates a risk to the teenager’s life in many ways. â€Å"Self-control at the age of 18 is very low and hence legalizing alcohol to young adults exposes them to diverse risks.† (Miron, & Tetelbaum, 2009). OMalley, P. M., & Wagenaar, A. C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976-1987. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 52(5),

History of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Business - Essay Example Following industrial revolution, entrepreneurs formed Corporations with the main purpose being to raise funds for expanding business operations (Pillay, 2015). The terms of engagement dictated that shareholders would receive dividends after the company gains a profit. Other firms were able to control an entire market thereby creating a monopoly situation within the economy. Most companies within the same industry made agreements on product prices as well as the manner of dividing business operations as time went by (Carroll & Buchholtz, 2014). Another method of doing business that developed after Industrial Revolution was the formation of Trusts. Ideally, Corporations sharing the same market formed a trust, which took control of business activities through a group of trustees. . The economic philosophy under Laissez-Faire economics was of the perception that without government interference, businesses and the economy as a whole would perform best. Kurtz & Boone illustrated that unregulated markets would create competition in the market and thereby making prices to be fair for the consumers (2011). Related to this theory are aspects of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism stood on the ideology of helping the rich as the poor did not benefit the financial health of a nation. The emergence of technology in the 19th century marked the beginning of the entrepreneurial era. Lussier demonstrated that entrepreneurs became an instrumental aspect of business by combining various factors and coordinating labour in order to ensure business processes are effective (2012). Upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class and the working class were the main divisions of the social class. Essentially, the upper class and the upper middle class became the target market for entrepreneurs whose aim was to maximise profits and expand the market share. The production era persisted in the period after the civil war of

World Literature Group Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Literature Group Project - Essay Example Sir Thomas Browne was not only a renowned author but a physician too (1605–82), and this preoccupation of his is reflected in his works. His works reflected his viewpoint as a Scientist, physician and psychologist. Many of his essays reflect his interests in nature. From the essays we can also verbally see his interest in pseudo-orthodoxy but how he would incorporate it is an exquisite challenge. His point of view is, â€Å"A curious mix of traditional and non-traditional ideology that never fully becomes one thing or the other in his articulation of it†. (Borderland, 2002) For him there is nothing, which is too big and too small, which is of great importance and which is of less importance. All has a specific place in a Universe, which he tries to visualize and posters as someone align. He never contemplates on the issue of the various steps, which leads to the life’s existence on this earth, but he focused on the external signs of mortality, which are visible to our eyes, and what is in store for us after death. As any other greatest writer he truly contemplates on the aspect that style in the man. He is permeated with the Platonic mysticism, which enables him to visualize this world as the image. And this is his theme, which his implies in his works He thinks that whole world is an image, a shadow of a system created by nature and God- This is a shadow which is invisible but which is pouring us with life and soul. The whole life we are leading is a whole image and a good experience from which is basically a food for us to meditate and ponder upon. The use of sophisticated words, citations, use of metaphors and analogies were quite common among writers of 17th century but Browne was exceptional as he uses them with ardent skill and edge of his mental power. His Religio Medici entails his own religious beliefs and how well to apply these religious beliefs in the world and

Economics IA Commentary Coversheet Essay Example for Free

Economics IA Commentary Coversheet Essay November 11 2009 The unemployment rate stands at 7.8% up 0.1% over the quarter and 2.0% on last year. Nearly 29 million people were in work in the period July to September according to the labour force survey (LFS). The number of people employed was up by 6,000 this quarter but down by 490,000 on the last year. The working age employment rate is 72.5% down 0.1% on the last quarter and down 1.9% on the last year. ILO-defined unemployment in July to September was 2.46 million (7.9%) up by 30,000 unemployed on April-June and 629,000 from this time last year. The claimant count for key out-of-work benefits was 1.6395 million in October up by 22,900 on last month, and up 632,700 on last year. Earnings growth over the year to August (including bonuses) was 1.6%, down 0.2% from the previous month. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Yvette Cooper said: The figures show more people in work and a lot more young people taking up our offer of full time education and training, which is welcome news. The fact that unemployment is significantly lower than everyone forecast at the beginning of the year shows the support for the economy is making a real difference. But we know things are still tough for a lot of families, and unemployment is expected to increase further next year. Thats why were determined to do more with an extra 35,000 youth jobs, more apprenticeships and education places so we can guarantee no young person gets stuck in long term unemployment. The figures out today also reinforce the fact that the UK labour market is performing better than most major economies. They show UK unemployment at 7.8%, compared to an EU average of 9.2% and lower than 14 other EU countries including France (10.0%), Ireland (13.0%) and Spain (19.3%), as well as the US (10.2%) and Canada (8.6%). Commenting on the latest statistics, John Philpott, Chief Economist and Director of Public Policy at the CIPD, said: UK unemployment is continuing to rise but at a much slower pace than earlier in the year. While this is not unexpected the fact that the unemployment total remained below 2.5 million in the quarter ending in September is encouraging. However, the relative improvement should not be interpreted as evidence that the labour market is returning to health, with male unemployment and long-term unemployment continuing to rise and youth unemployment now at a record rate despite a surge in the number of young people staying on in education to avoid the dole. Unemployment remained below 2.5 million in the three months to September primarily because there was a rise in part-time employment, temporary employment and contract working, the latter boosting self-employment. This more than offset a continued marked deterioration in full-time jobs for employees. Such a pattern is common in a labour market where overall demand for staff is weak and as the Bank of England reiterated today in its latest quarterly Inflation Report the economic outlook uncertain, with the road to recovery likely to be slow. At such times employers who need to recruit remain wary of hiring full-time staff and it is significant that today’s ONS figures do not show an improvement in the level of job vacancies. This pattern is also normally accompanied by a high rate of involuntary part-time working there are now almost 1 million people working part-time because they can’t find a full-time job. Women continue to be the main beneficiaries of a labour market where opportunities for part-time employment are increasing, while men lose out as full-time jobs are being lost. As a result the CIPD expects the rate of male unemployment to rise well above 10% in 2010, with the proportion of men in work set to fall to a record low. The current pattern of demand for labour is also doing nothing to ease the plight of young people. The latest quarter saw a further large fall in the number of under-25s in work, with the unemployment rate for 18-24 year olds now at a record high. There is little consolation in the fact that the number of unemployed young people remained below 1 million. This is explained by a quarterly surge in the number of young people classed as ‘economically inactive’, which the ONS figures indicate is mainly due to more young people staying on at school or college, almost certainly as an alternative to the dole. This article deals with unemployment in the UK. A person can be considered unemployed when he is involuntarily out of work, however is willing to work at current wage rates. One of the government’s main goals is to achieve full employment, where all people who are able and willing, are working. This is extremely beneficial for the economy because it can be considered working at maximum efficiency, which causes growth and development. A good way to illustrate a countries economy taking into account unemployment would be to use a PPF. The production possibility frontier is the orange line where the economy is working at full efficiency (full employment), using all of its resources. Point X is when the economy is not using all of its resources, and has people unemployed. http://i.investopedia.com/inv/dictionary/terms/ppf.gif Structural unemployment is a possible reason for the large decrease of workers. This specific type of unemployment focuses mainly on the loss of jobs under the condition that the demand for a certain product falls, or there is a shift of production abroad. In the category of disequilibrium unemployment, Demand deficient (Cyclical) Unemployment is most likely the number one cause for the UKs labour force being downsized. Due to the global recession, consumers can afford less goods and services, therefore the aggregate demand decreases significantly (hence the name – demand deficient). If the demand for production has substantially fallen, then naturally the demand for labour will also fall. Demand deficient unemployment can be illustrated using a diagram. Due to the fall in the D of goods and services, demand for labour shifts inwards from D1 to D2. With this, disequilibrium unemployment occurs with the number of workers shifting from Q1 to Q2. When demand for labour is strong, companies don’t hesitate to rise wages, although when demand for labour falls, and wages need to be cut, workers will resist wage cuts, therefore it is very hard for the company to cut wages for a large amount of workers without causing some kind disturbance or complications within the firm. If the company does chose to do this, the labour force will become angry and will want to retaliate somehow, perhaps going on strike. Due to a situation like this, parts of the company will not be producing/working, resulting in inefficiency. Aside from that, it will be very hectic, attracting negative attention from consumers and media, which is of course the company’s last need. In conclusion, the company will not be in control, when this is in fact their main priority, to sustain the stability and optimal working functionality. That is why the company prefers to downsize workers, and keep themselves running as best and as efficiently as possible. In order to deal with demand deficient unemployment the government should impose fiscalor monetary policies to raise aggregate demand and thus raise the demand for jobs. In the short run, when the AD shifts to the right (from AD1 to AD2) this causes and increase in real GDP (shift from Q1 to Q2 and P1 to P2). If AD would continue to grow in the short run, the country would reach a maximum supply. This constant struggle for the country to meet AD by increasing output would cause inflation instead of growth. However if the pressure is relatively small in the SR (short run) then it would be much easier to deal with AD in the LR. Supply side policies are government policies designed to increase output, and should also be imposed in order to cope with unemployment. Using a LRAS (long run aggregate supply) diagram is a good way to show the effects of supply side policies. If the Government were to impose supply side policies, the LRAS curve would shift right from LRAS1 – LRAS2. The price would then fall from P1 to P2 and the quantity (output + jobs) would increase from Q1 to Q2. Conclusivley the Government should investigate the best strategy to decrease unemployment. By imposing appropriate regulations and policies.

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay My aim for this essay is to analyse and compare different versions of the Batman film. Ive decided to compare the 1966 Batman to the 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight, which was released in 2008. I wish to look at how these films have been made, how Batmans reputation has changed over the years and how they compare to the original comic books. Batman made his first appearance in Detective Comics in 1939; he was the caped crusader who went against the criminals of the underworld who killed his parents. In the early comics, the drawings showed a grim tone and nourish use of bold blocks of black ink (Sabin, 1996, p.61). However, later on the comics were progressively lightened in order to draw a younger relationship; a trend which culminated in the 1960s where the comics became camp comedies to reflect the amazingly successful television series (Sabin, 1996, pp. 61-62). Wikipedia (2008) Man Who Laughs [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manwholaughs.jpg (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) BD Comics (1999) Batman- No Mans Land [Online] Available at: http://bdcomics.bdgamers.net/2007/06/13/batman-no-mans-land/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) The 1966 Batman was a film adaptation of the 60s TV series; it had budget of $1,377,800. In the film, there are no shots of skyscrapers or any buildings that resemble the scenery in the comic books. The costumes in this film are basic; the villains are all dressed in suits and Batman and Robins costumes look cheaply made, compared to the most recent film; this shows the difference in budget. The make-up is very basic; the Joker has a ghostly white face and red drawn on smile; no prosthetics are used on him. The Penguin has a prosthetic nose to make it freakishly long and pointy, however the rest of the characters have normal day to day make-up on. The fight scenes in the film are unrealistic, fake punches are thrown between characters, with words such as URKK and OUCH entering the shot is big letters: The TV show was definitely dopey, comedy and slapstick substituting for anything remotely violent or suspenseful. It even offered the surreal bonk/zap title cards to amplify the fun. (Gibron, 2008) This makes the fighting look comical and amusing. However it does match the comic book style of fighting and was what was acceptable to be shown in the film and TV series at the time. Still from TV 1960s series Batman (1966) Batman Generation : Batman 1960s TV Series [Online] Available at: http://movie-collections-on-dvd.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 10th November 2010) The sidekick Robin appears in this film. I think his presence makes Batman look less macho, it implies that he needs back up, this may have been the reason he wasnt written into the series of films that followed decades later. In comparison to films today; it is very naive, in one scene a very toy looking shark is used as a prop and in the Bat cave every machine or piece of equipment is labelled. Heath, R (2008) The Dark Knight 2010 [Online] Available at: http://www.ferdyonfilms.com/?m=200807 (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Clara, H (2010) Entertainment [Online] Available at: http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/entertainment/lewis-wilson-michael-keaton-and-val-kilmer-batman (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) In 1989 Batman was released, it was the first of a series of feature films starring Batman which were produced by the Warner Bros; it had a budget of $35,000,000. This film strayed away from the 1966 camp version, Beyond Hollywood emphasises this point by saying: Before 1989, unless you were an avid comic book reader, you probably viewed Batman as a clownish superhero, trading punches and quips with bad guys with his youthful assistant Robin faithfully at his side. He was campy, a bit dull, and never dangerous. That is, until the summer of 1989, when Tim Burton arrived to changed all that. (Beyond Hollywood, 2004) Gotham City is dark and gothic looking; the buildings are dingy and old. The shapes of the buildings resemble the comic book images; they dont look like any usual American city. Lots of smoke is used in the setting, it reminds me of backdrops in a theatre production. The joker also matches very well with the comic book illustrations; the make-up cleverly allows the actor to have a fixed smile. He puts on a show and prides himself on being theatrical, using joke shop type gags, i.e. a flower that squirts poisonous gas and a buzzer which he attaches to his hand to electrocute his victim. The music, which is often played as a backing to the joker, is almost the same as you might hear in the circus, everything about it is comical. Neumaier, J. (2008) Jack Nicholson warned Health Ledger on Joker role[Online].Available at: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/01/24/2008-01-24_jack_nicholson_warned_heath_ledger_on_jo.html (Accessed: 31 October 2010) Newsrecord. (2008)Heath Ledger Was Changed by playing The Joker'[Online]. Available at: http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Heath-Ledger-Was-Changed-by-Playing-The-Joker-6583.html#nimg_16437 (Accessed: 31 October 2010) The Dark Knight (2008) was directed by Christopher Nolan and had a budget of $185,000,000. When writing the film, screenwriter David S. Goyer took influences from a few comic books rather than just one. In an interview he said: I think that there are elements from The Dark Knight, elements from The Long Halloween, elements from The Killing Joke. But its not like we were specifically adapting one specific comic book or comic book arc. (Goyer, 2008) In this film the joker has apprentices who are masked like clowns. These masks are very eerie; they allow the characters to be emotionless and cold; only showing the single expression that is drawn on their mask. Batmans fight scenes are bold and highly choreographed; this is a big contrast to the jokers style of fighting, which is very rash. This film is dominated by the Joker character; his scarred face is messily covered with make-up giving him a clown-like persona. This persona is confirmed by his greasy, green tinged hair, black eyes, smudged roughly outwards and his red creepy smile. His drawn on smile is covering thick badly raised scars. The white make-up which covers his face is uneven and always looks worn. His costumes are odd, purple velvet suits with a green shirt; this allows him to stand out against others, who mainly wear classic suits. Costume Designer, Lindy Hemming, wanted to create a younger trendier look, in order to represent Ledgers generation(Hemming, 2008). This costume also matches the comic books. His character is fearless and chillingly calm; I think this creates a great atmosphere and carries the film. Sound has a huge impact on this version of the film; dramatic music is played in the background, ticking noises are also frequently used, symbolising the rapid passing of time. However there are a few shots in the film which have no backing music or noise for that matter; this is a big contrast to the rest of the film and cleverly creates a maximum impact. One particular shot is of the Joker hanging himself out of a stolen police car that he is driving, I find this scene very chilling. After watching a documentary about the composers thoughts behind some of the music, I learnt that the sounds are based on the Joker character: Shots and clips were used to produce music that matched the jokers movements and personality. Punk influences were used and tones and noises were produced using two clashing notes of the cello, to give the feel of razorblades. (Zimmer, 2008) The sounds are unsettling and the composer wanted to create a sound which demonstrated rising tension. Uhlich, K (2008) Trickster Heaven, Two Face Hell: The Dark Knight [Online] Available at: http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2008/07/trickster-heaven-two-faced-hell-the-dark-knight/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Another hugely important character is Harvey Dent. He is Gothams golden boy who, by the end of the film, thanks to the Jokers words; I took Gothams white knight and brought him down, has been turned into a villain, Two Face. The effects for Two Face were created using digital make-up, in other words high use of CGI. A lot of shots in the setting are of buildings, the camera pans high above lots of skyscrapers as a link between scenes. The villains seem to always be lit darkly, where the lighting has a blue tinge. In conclusion, as the decades pass, technology improves and the budget for the films increase, which I think is due to the increase in film popularity. Each film stays true to the comics in different ways; the 1966 Batman is most like the comics in the fight scenes where they are quite graphical, with sounds entering the screen in text. However the make-up and costume doesnt match up and doesnt give enough of an impact. The 1989 Batman does match very well to the comic book images, make-up and costume-wise. It also has a great set which matches the buildings of Gotham city and really gives a feel that they are living in the comics. The Dark Knights special effects are by far the best and in my opinion I think the acting is best in this film. The joker is a crucial character in all three versions, particularly 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight. It is a matter of personal opinion which version is the best, however I agree with Slant magazine in preferring Health Ledgers chilling version: Eighteen years after Jack Nicholsons over-praised, distinctly Jack-ish personification of the dastardly purple-clad jester in Tim Burtons Batman, Ledger returns the character to his demented The Killing Joke graphic novel roots, conjuring up a transfixing, indelible portrait of our worst terrorist-extremist nightmares. (Schager, 2008) The Dark Knights acting and gothic feel matches well with the original comics, before they were made more camp to match the 1960s audience. The make-up takes a different direction to avoid copying Tim Burtons film, this however meant they needed to steer away slightly from the comic books. Overall, in order to achieve the perfect film version of the batman comics, you would need to combine, 1989s make-up, costume and set with The Dark Knights music, special effects and acting.

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp

Cholesterol Reducing Effects of Lactobacillus Spp CHOLESTEROL REDUCING EFFECTS OF Lactobacillus spp. ISOLATED FROM BREAST MILK OF LACTATION MOTHER. SUHANIS NADIA BINTI SALLEH CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the study Cholesterol is the precursor of primary bile salts formed in the liver and store as conjugated bile salts in gall bladder to be release in digestive tract. (Corzo Gilliland, 1999). Lipid and cholesterol rich food intake act as the main factor in increasing of heart disease (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Thus, it is important to reduce cholesterol as prevention to cardiovascular disease. (Yildiz et. al, 2011). Even though pharmaceutical agent or therapy exists for hypercholesterolemia treatments, they are expensive and may produce side effect. (Schuster, 2004). Due to the reason, non pharmaceutical approaches which yield cholesterol reduction were examined and probiotics are one of several approaches that have been used (Anandharaj Sivasankari, 2014). Problem statement 1.3 Research Objective 1.3.1 General objective To investigate the cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother . 1.3.2Specific objective 1.3.2.1 To isolate Lactobacillus spp. from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.2 To identify Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. 1.3.2.3 To determine cholesterol reducing property of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother. Research hypothesis 1.4.1 Study hypothesis There is significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of different lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.4.2 Null hypothesis There is no significant difference between Lactobacillus spp. isolated from breast milk of lactation mother on its cholesterol reducing property. 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study This study focusing on identification of bacteria and its properties and includes molecular technique. The scope of this study involves both phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Some limitations arise in this study. The cholesterol reduction assay which will be done in vitro to mimic the in vivo mechanism may not be totally similar with in vivo environment. 1.6 Significant of study Breast milk is a possible source of Lactobacillus strains but there are only few studies done on isolation of probiotic from human’s milk. (Anandharaj Sivasankari , 2014 ; Martin et al., 2004). The reliability of cholesterol reduction by using probiotics for hypercholesterolemia treatments have gain increase of interest. (Jones et al. 2004 ; Lim et al. 2004). Even so, the findings are more on lactic acid bacteria strains among Western origin subject (Yildiz et al. 2011). Different result may be obtained from other population subject and this study may enhance the finding of probiotic strains that capable in cholesterol assimilation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Proposed methodology (Descriptive) Ethical issues Study area The study will be conducted in the final year research laboratory of microbiology section at UiTM Puncak Alam. Most of the experiments will be conducted at the laboratory except for sequencing which will be send away. Sample collection is done outside the study area and will be store in the laboratory storage section. Sample collection Breast milk sample will be collected from volunteers in sterile container. Prior to collection, the breast is clean with sterile water and apply with chlorexidine to remove other normal flora. The sample will be store on ice until delivery to the laboratory. The sample will then stored in -80oC if not directly use or for further use. For storage, the sample will previously transfer into several small vials to avoid multiple freeze and thaw. Isolation of Lactobacillus spp. 1ml of breast milk sample is transfer into 9ml of sterile saline (0.85% sodium chloride). The dilute samples will be plate on Man Ragosa Sharpe, MRS medium. The plate is incubate at 37oC for 24 to 48 hour in anaerobic condition. Identification of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated Lactobacillus spp. will be confirm based on growth on MRS medium, colony morphology, Gram staining, and catalase reaction. The isolated colony will be proceed with subculture to obtain pure culture. Further species identification will be performed by carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 50 CHL test strip. The result is analyze using API LABTM PLUS software. MRS broth medium containing 20% glycerol is use to preserve the pure cultures and store at -80oC. PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and sequencing Modified method of Smoker and Barnum (1988) will be conducted for DNA isolation. The 16S rDNA will then amplify in thermocycler by 30 cycles which include denaturation at 940C for 30s, annealing at 56oC for 30s and elongation at 720C. The PCR result will be separated on gel electrophoresis to check for the purity and of the amplicon. The amplified rDNA will be purified with PCR purification kit and send for sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis Cholesterol reducing assay Statistical analysis The data will be collected in triplicate and will be analysed by SPSS software. Data will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. One way ANOVA test with significance level p Proposed methodology (Flow chart) 5.0 Expected outcomes For isolation and identification of Lactobacillus spp., various species may be identified. Generally, they are expected to be catalase negative, gram positive, rods or cocci. Results on API 50 CHL will confirm the specific species. In PCR amplification, there will be presence of bands of specific base pair for Lactobacillus spp. after the amplicons separated on the agarose gel. As for cholesterol reducing assay, there will be species which show cholesterol reducing property and the species with the most significant reduction of cholesterol will be identified. 6.0 Financial implications 7.0 Ganntt chart Work plan 2014 (September December) Work plan 2015 (March July) Work plan 2015 (March June)

Sade animates Newtonian virtue :: French Literature Papers

Sade animates Newtonian virtue Sade integrated 18th century French materialism into his work at a such an elemental level that it is no exaggeration to say, as we will show here, that his pornography dramatises it directly. I will further argue that there is a strongly moral tone to his materialism : that characters are expected to practise what they preach, and to believe in their value system. The last part of my paper will look at how the opposing value system, Christianity, is satirised through the figure of Justine and that of the passive victims in general. Sade was an atheist, a Lockean sensationist and a materialist; he avidly read Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopà ©die and the writings of the philosophes d’Holbach, Robinet, Condillac, La Mettrie and Buffon. He littered his works with references both tacit and explicit to the philosophes and passionately espoused what he saw as their cause. Their thinking was crucial to the construction of his own Å“uvre, and as he commented himself on his writing practice, â€Å"que veux-tu qu’on fasse sans livres ? Il faut en à ªtre entourà © pour travailler, sinon on ne peut faire que des contes de fà ©es, et je n’ai pas cet esprit-là  .† [what am I supposed to do without books ? You have to be surrounded with them to work, otherwise you can only do fairy-stories, and I’m not that way inclined]. I hope to show here just how close his own work was to the materialism of the philosophes. The Encyclopà ©die itself advocated a close expository relationship between science and literature. The article â€Å"Lettres† explains that: â€Å"†¦ les lettres et les sciences proprement dites, ont entr’elles l’enchainement, les liaisons, et les rapports les plus etroits; c’est dans l’Encyclopà ©die qu’il importe de le demontrer.† [literature and science are linked by the closest contact and relationship; it is up to the Encyclopà ©die to show that this is the case]. This assertion is of course based on the belief that science and literature are or should be about the same thing, that is to say, they are about life and nature. Life and nature, in the Encyclopà ©die, mean matter in all its various forms. Matter was defined by the Encyclopà ©die as a â€Å"substance à ©tendue, solide, divisible, mobile et passible, le premier principe de

Flowers For Algernon :: essays research papers

Flowers for Algernon The main characters of the story are Charlie, who is a mentally retarded person involved in a remarkable experiment which increased his I.Q. Alice, a teacher at the Adult Basic Education Facility at Beekman College who taught Charlie how to read and write, the professors who operated on Charlie. Fay who appeared toward the end of the book , and last but not least Algernon. The novel is exciting and has an original idea. The moods That I felt in the story are ones of sorrow, anger, and guilt. In the story, Charlie, is the subject of an experiment which increases his intelligence. Charlie originally wants the operation to look intelligent and get friends. Unfortunately some of his hopes were not met. The main characters in the novel include Charlie, Alice, Algernon, and Fay, a character who did not make much of an appearance, but he thought that he played an important part in Charlie trying to sort out his past and figure out his present and future plans. Charlie is a mentally retarded person who has impressing people and gaining friends as one of his top priorities. He then hears of an experiment which could possibly make him smart. He makes himself a subject to this human experiment with the hopes of gaining knowledge in a sole purpose of gaining friends. As the book goes on, Charlie goes through dramatic changes mentally, and instead of making him gain friends he actually is looked on in the same way if not worse. For example, at Charlie's old work his "friends" made fun of him and enjoyed his company just because Charlie had amused them. Yet after the operation, Charlie finds out that he had not made his friends like him more, but had pushed them away. Charlie understood now what his friends did to him in the past, and starts to look down upon them. Alice, Charlie's teacher, is the person who gave Charlie to the idea to give the experiment a chance. She thinks that Charlie has the determination and will power to ma ke the experiment work. Then, later on in the book, she gets emotionally involved with Charlie and helps Charlie learn more about himself. Algernon, is a lab animal who also had the experiment done on him and as result makes him smarter than the average mouse. Algernon plays a very important part in the novel because he foreshadows what will happen to Charlie later on in the book.

Do Video Games Enhance Selective Attention in Children?

Research: Observing children using gaming consoles can be quite entertaining due to their deeply embedded interest and love for video games. Young boys in particular seem to partake in the interactive environment that gaming allows them to join. Whether it’s Nintendo, Xbox, or Playstation, males of all ages always seem so captivated by the virtual world portrayed on their television set. When one focuses on a specific aspect of a scene while ignoring other aspects, such as focusing on the video game you are playing in the same room as many people are speaking, a concept of selective attention is introduced (Wikipedia, 2006).A normal attention span seems to develop in three stages in children. First, the child’s attention is said to be overly exclusive. This is a term used by psychologists to describe attention that is focused on a single object for long periods while tuning out all other stimuli (Child Development Institute, 2006). Second, a child’s attention dev elops to where it is overly inclusive. This refers to a â€Å"wide span of attention that is constantly and rapidly changing from one object to another such as a toddler who is running from one toy to the next never able to stay with any one toy for any period of time† (CDI, 2006).A child who is stuck at this stage might be diagnosed as having attention deficit disorder. Third, the child develops selective attention where he or she is able to shift the focus whenever he or she pleases from being inclusive to being very exclusive. This is considered a mature pattern of focus and concentration which is needed in a classroom setting. Some reasons a child may have poor attention, concentration, and impulse control are due to anxiety, depression, slow psychological development, learning disabilities, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, low motivation, and especially boredom due to lack of challenge (CDI, 2006).Boredom due to a lack of challenge definitely cannot be a characteristic of video games to the male population who spend hours a day playing; especially not the nine year old Austin who I have babysat for or Brian, another boy I know who is ten years old. Video games were first introduced in the 1970s. â€Å"By the end of that decade they had become a preferred childhood leisure activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cesarone, 1994). Advocates of video games imply that they may be a friendly way of introducing children to computers, and may increase children's hand-eye coordination and attention to detail.

The Pursuit of Happyness

The Pursuit of Happyness The photographic film its about a soldiery c both(prenominal)ed Christopher Gardner that lives with his wife and son in a sm on the whole apartment. They dumbfound a unkept budget and are sledding thru a very rough time economic every last(predicate)y and it could come to a point where they bear lose any(prenominal)thing and even get apart. This gentle homophiles gentle public invested the family savings in this kind of machines c eithitherd jam Density s bottom of the inningner thinking he was departure to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They belief it was going to be a outstanding result, but it false out the b scurvy way. In life not everything that seems sheeny as gold.The Gardner family where severe to survive the around that they mountain. While the days were passing it was acquiring worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesnt seem to come together for him. This mo netary thing that were going on dead breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife that circulates him and his son and moves to New York. His wife cute to take their son with her because she say that every children should be with their mom, but Christopher state that its very true, but he said that he could take better parcel out of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his depone account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs exclusively in altogether over but he couldnt find anything, until finally he pertinacious to do an stockbroker internship position at dean Witter, competing for one contender for six months with acquiring any salary at all with twenty other piledidates for that position and however one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he cute. He was being a start and a mother at the uniform time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile , they were homeless and he was going thru all the intemperateies with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was immovable to make it and not self-aggrandising up, in another words with the little that they had they were arduous to survive. What it seemed im realizable false possible because later all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a rattling(prenominal) result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his sons lives change from the shadower past to a intenseness present. In conclusion, this picture its amazing and great(p).It inspire me a lot because it teach me that no event what are you going thru or what you face in life on that points nothing impossible and free up is not an option. It doesnt liaison how umteen times you fall, what it matters its how numerous times you stand up and come up moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but its up to you how you discrete to face it and deal with it and withal that its the result that you are going to obtain. These words of the movie Dont ever allow somebody assort youYou cant do something You got a dream you got to protect it.People cant do something themselves, they want to give tongue to you, you cant do it. If you want something go get it. Period they invigorate me a lot because you cant let anyone bring you down and tell you that youre a nobody and that you cant do anything just because they bring forthnt gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I retract with this saying What it looks impossible for man, its possible for God.The Pursuit of HappynessThe Pursuit of Happyness The movie its about a man called Christopher Gardner that lives with his wif e and son in a small apartment. They have a low budget and are going thru a very difficult time economically and it could come to a point where they can lose everything and even get apart. This man invested the family savings in this kind of machines called grind away Density scanner thinking he was going to invest and earned a lot of money to maintain his family. They fancy it was going to be a great result, but it turned out the inverse way. In life not everything that seems bright as gold.The Gardner family where trying to survive the some that they can. While the days were passing it was acquiring worst and worst. Chris Gardner has big dreams for him and his family but it doesnt seem to come together for him. This fiscal thing that were going on utterly breaks the family starting with troubles in the relationship with his wife that leaves him and his son and moves to New York. His wife wanted to take their son with her because she said that every children should be with thei r mom, but Christopher said that its very true, but he said that he could take better care of him than her because his used to it.After that he loses his wife, lost his strand account, and credit cards. He was searching for jobs all over but he couldnt find anything, until finally he decided to do an stockbroker internship position at doyen Witter, competing for one career for six months with getting any salary at all with twenty other candidates for that position and except one of them was going to get the job. He was doing the best he could to fight for what he wanted. He was being a induce and a mother at the same time it was not easy as it seemed to be. Meanwhile, they were homeless and he was going thru all the difficulties with his son Christopher Jr.Even thou they were struggling Chris was primed(p) to make it and not giving up, in another words with the little that they had they were trying to survive. What it seemed impossible turned possible because by and by all the hard work and the difficult times that they were going thru, all that turned out to be a marvellous result for their lives because he finally got the job, from all twenty candidates he got to be the chosen one. Chris and his sons lives change from the dimness past to a brightness present. In conclusion, this movie its amazing and great.It inspired me a lot because it teach me that no matter what are you going thru or what you face in life theres nothing impossible and giving up is not an option. It doesnt matter how many times you fall, what it matters its how many times you stand up and nourishment moving forward. Life could give you so many challenges, but its up to you how you decided to face it and deal with it and as well that its the result that you are going to obtain. These words of the movie Dont ever let somebody tell youYou cant do something You got a dream you got to protect it.People cant do something themselves, they want to tell you, you cant do it. If you want so mething go get it. Period they inspired me a lot because you cant let anyone bring you down and tell you that youre a nobody and that you cant do anything just because they havent gotten what they wanted or their dreams come true. We have to stand up, be strong, and demonstrate that we are better than them and that we could do anything that step in our ways without the help of anybody. I leave with this saying What it looks impossible for man, its possible for God.

Nationalism With A Purpose Essay

The archetypical and the Second World War changed the surfacelook of the world. Empires ceased to exist. A refreshing concept of nations came into world. disruptiononies of European countries started to get their emancipation from foreign rule in quick succession.. Boundaries and territories became internal in deciding where a nation started and ended. Nations harbour been guess egressing with severally other all over marches lines since history has been recorded however frontiers became exceptionally grievous with the end of the Second World War and the ontogenesis of the Third world. One place where boundary lines and ground was of great brilliance was in the Indian subcontinent, which had been chthonian the falsify of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947. The Indian sub-continent was to be decolonized and naval divisioned into cardinal countries. A Muslim dominated, Pakistan and a Hindi dominated, India. Surprisingly, it was the outgrowth time that nations were being partitioned on the arse of worship. The partition led to m any problems amidst the dickens countries. One such know was the conflict over the subject of Kashmir. The dispute over Kashmir has dogged traffic betwixt India and Pakistan since the separates were created by the partition of British India in 1947.The two countries look at fought three contends (in 1947-48, 1965 and 1999). They have to a fault been on the verge of resorting to nu pull in weapons over this issue. The skirmish over Kashmir is an eonian conflict. The biggest reason for its insolvability is that le fruit drinkrship of two nations have intentiond apparitional patriotism to rid the wars and the struggle to incorporate Kashmir while masking the fundamental motive of assimilateing scotch and strategic favors from it. Not slightly(prenominal) countries hardly Pakistan The conflict of Kashmir send packing be traced spikelet to the time of partition and to the events that occur red during the time period when British controlled India was to be split upd on phantasmal lines. The ground had been under the rule of the Sikh empire and the British had managed to exert their learn on the Singh rulers of the time. The State of Kashmir was primary(prenominal) to the British beca phthisis it worked as buffer zone to balk invasion into India by Russia, China and Afghanistan. Therefore, as the British desired the Sinkh monarchy rulers were frequently puppets of the Britishprecisely following their orders in intelligence activity and action. A close alliance was reached between the British and the rulers of Kashmir in this way.However, the partition of the sub-continent brought the in reinforced tensionsamongst the Muslims and Hindoos over the enjoin of Kashmir to the forefront.. Muslims under the Muslim compact and Hindus under the Congress had been constantly endeavoring for more than reforms and image from the British passim the 1880s and 90s. The B ritish finally answerd to give India its independence, tho the Muslims and Hindus mat up entitled to separate advances base on a sacred divide which according to twain was in addition great for twain of them to exist harmoniously. Muslims felt entrapped as a minority in a Hindu dominant landed e express. Through the efforts of Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim conference and Nehru, the leader of the congress, a plan was proposed to separate the two countries. It was the first time in history that such a partition was taking place on the basis of religion. After the failure of the Cabinet com agencying Plan for a unified India on 1946, the British governing body announced its definite intention to induce necessary steps to effect the transference of spring to responsible Indian hands by a date non later than June 1948. Thus, the British displace their last viceroy, Lord Mountbatten to oversee the partition in of the near volatile regions of the world.The general plan of the partition was that the long aras of Punjab, Bengal and Assam were to be split according to the mass of the religion in the bea. Therefore, the Muslim absolute absolute majority aras ceded to Pakistan and the Hindu majority areas to India. There were a number of magisterial nations that were apt(p) the option to cede to India or Pakistan based on a vote to view as into accountancy the wishes of the local population. Kashmir was a Muslim majority state with a Hindu ruler. The ruler Hari Singh was conf employ as to where he should cede. Meanwhile, Sir Cyrill Radcliffe was sent by the British consecratement to make an exact boundary line to divide the Punjab province now famously referred to as the Radcliffe pureness Boundary Commission. According to the commission, the three Muslim majority tehsils of the Gurdaspur district were given to India. This went a arrive atst the laws, which divided the rest of India. Nonetheless, Hari Singhs hesitation to cede to either nation was to be the reason for his induce tragedy. (Was Kashmir part of one of the tehsils given to India by Radcliffe? If non the last two sentences make, no sense.)With nation building and the formation of a new states came the concept of nationalism. Nationalism involves the concept of an imagined community by a particular community. It includes certain people in this imagined community and excludes others. India was portioned on the basis ofreligion so they had envisioned what areas came into their respective imagined communities. Unfortunately, they both(prenominal) envisioned Kashmir to be a part of their newly founded nations. As phantasmal nationalism was the basis of the partition of India, it alike became a veil to mask the palpable motives for the fight for Kashmir between the newly independent states of Pakistan and India. Kashmir had a Muslim majority population of 3,101,247 (77.1 %). The first war over Kashmir was fought in 1947 when there was a Poonch uprising in the state a come acrossst Hari Singh. Pakistan sent in forces to secure the area out of fear that Kashmir would end up going to India. However, against preliminary exam plans the Pakistani troops ended up assay to invade Srinagar, Kahsmirs capital.Hari Singh was afraid and make a have sex to cede to India if India back uped fight Pakistan. The fact that Pakistan and India fight a war over Kashmir a a few(prenominal) months after they came into existence provided they had very limited supplies and could just stand up on their own as independent countries speaks volumes of the states phantasmal and hidden frugal importance. It is clever to look back at what Jinnah said to the Kashmiri leadinghip during the 1947 partition highlighting the decision of Hari Singh. In his speech, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first governor general of Pakistan said, I anticipate that the Maharaja and the Prime subgenus Pastor of Kashmir will control the fast changing circumstances and wisdom demands that the feelings of the Muslims who form eighty percent of the population should non be ignored, much less hurt. Therefore, it you observe closely, Jinnah made the issue of Kashmir, an issue to do with Islam and Muslims. The rhetoric he states in his speech is for a plea to protect the wishes of the Muslims in Kashmir.The civilians in the newly founded Pakistan would also ideate in the selfsame(prenominal) way closely the issue of Kashmir as having to do with Islam and their duty to help their Muslim brothers. The discretion of ghostlike nationalism is used as a mask. The very first pre postnt of Pakistan used this to make a contract over Kashmir. Therefore, the claim for Kashmir to be part of Pakistan as a religious mission was indeed a pertinent ploy to attempt the escort of civilians of the state. The second war was fought over Kashmir in 1965. After the first war, the British had decided on a plebiscite to take place in Kashmir to decide its fate. India and Pakistan h ad both initially agreed on this just India went back on its word and occupied Kashmiri territory. Therefore, the 1965 war was fought on the same platform. At the time, prexy Ayub caravanserai was in power in Pakistan, a military dictator and the first of many that the boorish would see in its short history. The collection of the speeches of the pass and statesman, organized by Rais Ahmd Jafri shows how he too follows a quasi(prenominal) agenda approximately religious nationalism during his tenure as leader of Pakistan.The first is a speech on 25th August 1961 in Karachi at the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. He states The contrariety between Pakistan and other Muslim countries is that the upsurge in these other Muslim countries is racial, linguistic, territorial, anti-imperialist, anti-colonial and very little religious. Therefore, we dismiss see that like Jinnah, Ayub Khan preached well-nigh the importance of Islam in Pakistan. He tried to inform Pakistanis about the signifi sightce of religion in the formation of their state of Pakistan and their role as falg bearers of Islam in the region. In his first broadcast on 1st November 1963, Ayub Khan made another speech in regards to the situation in Kashmir. He stated, The government and the people of India know that they have no right to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The world at large knows it. So the proposed integration would only wax Indias guilt. It would correspondingly heighten our resolve to uncaring our brethren from their bondage. Those who transgress deceive nobody except themselves. face at this excerpt from this speech, we can see how Ayub Khan was preparing the civilians for another war with India.He claimed Pakistans right for Kashmir on the basis of Islam decisively labeling the residents of Kashmir as brothers of the citizens of Pakistan. Kashmir is a Muslim populated area and thus it is Pakistans responsibility to free their brethren. Ayub Khan is development relig ion as a rhetorical force here. With Islam as a mechanism, Pakistanis would believe that they it is their responsibility to God to help other Muslim brothers and support the upcoming war and struggle for Kashmir. Therefore, it is vial to see how Pakistani leaders over time have used religion as a basis to motivate Pakistanis to think that the freedom of Kashmir is their responsibility and thae oppressors of their Kashmiri brothers, enemies of Pakistan and Muslims in general. Similarly, India used superpatriotic mechanisms and rhetoric to impel civilians and soldiers officers to fight and support the war, while hiding the corporeal stinting intentions in regards to Kashmir.The 1965 War Story- Defense Minister Y.B Chavans Diary of India-Pakistan War gives an insight into how the samesense of nationalism had influenced Indians during the crisis. On September 20, 1965 Chavan writes in his diary, It was not an accident yet was shot fown by Pakistani fighter plains near Bhuj. It wa s surprising that the plane went off the track nearly by 50 miles between Ahmedabad-Mithapur. I hate these Pakistanis. Therefore, this quote shows a different perspective. It shows the opinion and the thoughts of someone who was at dish to India. Hate is a strong word to use, but yet Chavan casually writes it down in his diary. Therefore, nationalistic forces help create animosity. They declare the other side to be the oppositeness. In this case, Pakistanis are bad and they should be hated. This mentality about Pakistanis being the enemy helped the generals and army officers to wage war against Pakistan. It was a way for them to support and fight the war. It is important to see how leaders of the state had persuadeed army officers into listening to the states orders. Most generals and minister of religion did not even know what they were fighting for or what they hoped to achieve.They were simply following orders with hate for the Pakistanis due to the differences that the stat e had created for them. (This bolded part is very vague and not clear at all. Diaries are envisage to be casual, its his in the flesh(predicate) diary not a novel. In a state of war the other side is suppose to be the enemy. Maybe you should highlight how the indian government tried to increase nationalism maybe by using religion or the atrocities of the Muslims or some other reason to motivate its forces.) The diary of an Indian war captive in Pakistan shows another similar example of this nationalism effect on the Indians. LT Col SS Chowdhary writes in his personal narrative called, Prisoner of War, about his experiences as a captive on enemy soil in the 1965 war. This source is important because it shows the views about Pakistan from an Indian colonel. Unlike the former chairpersons of Pakistan, Ayub Khan and Muhammad Jinnah, the colonel is not promoting the nationalism that leads to hatred and animosity but he is actually on the side that is getting influenced. He chatters a bout the hatred felt during summercater matches between India and Pakistan.He says, They would lose to any unpolished but India. So much is their hatred for India. Therefore, we can see the extent to which people on both sides hate each other. The whole concept of a them and and us is created by nationalism and is the creation of leaders of state to justify war. He goes on to talk about his experience in the reflection statewhen he says, A Muslim is generally considered to be cruel and rough. Therefore, his experience as a prisoner of war changes his perspective about Muslims. It is important to assimilate that Hindus and Muslims grow up considering the other to be cruel, unkind and generally bad. It is the leaders of the state that carry out this propaganda to meet their own aims and steer the sentiment of the general cosmos in their way. (you should elaborate in this paragraph what created that hate of them and us between the two states, thats hat you thesis is about.) Going t hrough examples of both countries, it is patent that religion was the basis of the partition of the subcontinent.However, religious nationalism was used by the states to brainwash the public into hating their respective neighbor. twain India and Pakistan have used religious differences to create hostility within their populations towards the other. This is the clever evasive action that was used and is still being used by both countries in order to entomb the real reason for fighting over Kashmir. The real spirit is that India and Pakistan both seek to gain economically and strategically from taking over Kashmir. This can easily be seen from the fact that Pakistan lost East Pakistan (Bangladesh). Bangladesh got its independence from Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh is a Muslim populated area and was a part of Pakistan. The injustices Pakistan inflicted on Bangladesh gains the case that Pakistan does not tuition about Muslim brothers. Like other countries, it only seeks to gain ec onomic and strategic advances. Similarly, India also seeks to gain immensely from taking over Kashmir and creates a faade about her sovereign and nationalistic right to take over it. After this part the essay is betterKashmir is much more than disputed territory. It is a seaport for untapped inbred resources and land. Geographically, it can be divided into the two states of Jammu and Kashmir encompassing 84,471 square miles. It is the largest state in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. An clause about the economic background of Kashmir by S.M Hudda shows us the economic potential of Kashmir and the benefits that both countries could gain if they took over it. Unlike other areas of the world, Kashmir is untapped. It has immense inherent resources that have not been actioned. Even the mineral resources of the country are largely unexplored except in Riazi and Jammu. Therefore, both Pakistan and India are developing countries and can use Kashmir to tapthese mineral and natural resourc es. The phrase further states that Kashmir has an abundance of wet resources. Hydel power could be generated using these water resources. India and Pakistan have extreme power shortages throughout the country and are in need for more power resources. This could solve their problem of power shortages.Therefore, this article provides evidence as to how Kashmir is a haven of untapped natural resources and one of the major reasons that both states are fighting over it. Kashmir also has a extraordinary strategic location. This strategic location could help both countries militarily and economically. Kashmir borders Russia, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Thus Kashmir works as a valuable window on these other regional powers. If Pakistan gets Kashmir, it can gain a military utility over India. It will have a localize route to India and can attack it easily in the advent of war. India would have a similar advantage. The country, which gets a hold of Kashmir, can protect its bo rders this way. Thus, the national credentials of Kashmir is vital for the security of both India and Pakistan. Kashmir also maintains a key position as a commerce route. It provides a pass to foxiness with Central Asia. India and Pakistan could gain economically from the exports and imports from this trading route. Secondly, another strategic advantage that India and Pakistan both seek to gain is in regards to the water resources.Water is a vital resource for any countrys self-reliance. Shockingly, the rivers Sindh, Ravi, Jhelum and Chena that flow through India and Pakistan embark on in Kashmir. These rivers are important to support the rescue of both Pakistan and India. Both countries are agro-based and dominantly depend on agriculture to support them. Therefore, these rivers prove as a lifeline to both countries. Even so, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the first president of Pakistan has been quoted saying that Kashmir is the jugular vein of Pakistan for this very reason. Both countr ies also fear that if the other gets hold of Kashmir, wherefore they will cut the water supply to the other. Therefore, it is visible that Kashmir has great strategic and economic value to both Pakistan and India. Despite these advantages, India and Pakistan also exploit Kashmir to their benefit. This also proves the claim that both countries have never been interested in protecting the rights of the people and the only interest has been an economic one.An article in the Economic and Political hebdomadary explores the developing of Kashmir by India. It states that India seeks togain greatly from Kashmir. The article states, Furthermore, though couched in terms of security, this is not a question of security. The real question is that of expansion, security is a way of justifying that expansion in terms that invoke to national sentiments. What is at stake is not a genuine security interest, but the interest of being able to exploit markets and being able to turf out of labor sur plus. Therefore, we can see that India has been exploiting markets in Kashmir for a long time and this is why she wants complete control. some other example of such exploitation is that India shows that it supports and gives aid to Kashmir but actually this leads to more financial burden. The budget deficit of Kashmir was 370 crore rupees and 300 crore were from interest payments from India. Also, India has built a pass linking Jammu and Srinigar.This highway helps India gain security but it also helps them in taking out Kashmirs pure tone and other primary products out. Ironically, the money for the highway comes at once from Kashmirs budget. India is only looking out for its own selfish interest and is completely exploiting its Kashmiri closure. This is why it wants to take complete control of Kashmir. Commercial trade is also another way that India is exploiting Kashmir. India has managed to exert influence and developed free trade with Kashmir. Kashmir has two natural reso urces forests and water. There has been extensive deforestation and the wood has been interpreted out and used for Indian railways. The hydroelectric power plant contracts also go almost all told to Indian companies. Therefore, India is not capitally investing in Kashmir but is only investing in power generations and infection so she can better exploit Kashmirs natural resources. Pakistan has also followed a similar exploitation method in its colony of Kashmir. It proves the argument that religious nationalism is only part of propaganda that state leaders have made and continue to make to solidify their claim over Kashmir.The people of Azad Kashmir, Pakistans colony have sent hundreds of requests to the Pakistani High Commissioner in London to grant them export licenses so they could establish small scale industries in Kashmir. All these requests were not accepted, while Pakistani nationals were given export licenses for machinery. other example of such exploitation is that there are eight thousand Kashmiri workers living in Britain who send remittances of about a million pounds each month to their families in Kashmir. Ironically, Pakistanis also own most of the banks inKashmir. Hence, the Pakistani government earns a huge amount of profits through foreign swap and invests the money into Pakistan. Like India, Pakistan also exploits the forest capture of Kashmir. The forest contracts are given to Pakistani nationals who maintain much less than Kashmiri nationals. Surprisingly, most of the contracts are given to members of the military service.Pakistan has also prevented the workers to form a union in Kashmir while it has been allowed in Pakistan. Therefore, we can see that Azad Kashmir is a colony like Bangladesh was. Pakistan does not care about her Muslim brethren. That is the charade they use in order to get complete control of Kashmir so they can gain full economic advantage through exploitation. However, we have seen how nationalism is a newly invent ed ideology and how powerful it is. States use it to brainwash the public and members of the civil and military sector to cloak real intentions. In the case of Kashmir, the issue has not ended since the partition in 1947. The biggest reason for this unending conflict is that both states have used religious nationalism to show the other as the enemy.In the case of Pakistan, both former presidents have used Islam as a rhetorical device to convince civilians. In the case of India, the effect of this religious nationalism can be seen on the military officers who are willing to die for the sake of defeating the enemy. However, it is used to hide the underlying objective of both countries- gain economic and strategic advantages. Therefore, whoever seeks to gain Kashmir gains immensely from exploiting its natural resources, market and suppressed laborers? The issue could have been resolved if religious nationalism was put to the side and an economic deal was made between both India and Pa kistan. Nonetheless, it shows how state leaders can use nationalism as a tool to herd people to their cause and exploit them in this way.